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EB

EB

ONLINE

[Praha] : Karolinum, 2017

1 online zdroj (236 stran)

ISBN 978-80-246-3598-9 (online ; pdf)

ISBN 978-80-246-3588-0 (print)

Monografie pojednává o gramatickém vyjádření epistemické modality ve standardní mluvené tibetštině. Jedná se o systém různých, více či méně častých typů epistemických slovesných koncovek a epistemických sponových sloves, které jsou analyzovány z hlediska sémantického, syntaktického a pragmatického, a ilustrovány četnými příklady..

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ABBREVIATIONS 6 // INTRODUCTION 8 // Key terms 9 // Fieldwork and corpus 11 // Structure of the monograph and of the Tibetan examples 13 // I. THE EXPRESSION OF EPISTEI4IC MODALITY IN STANDARD SPOKEN TIBETAN 15 // 1.1 THE LEXICAL EXPRESSION OF EPISTEMIC MODALITY 17 // 1. 1. 1 EPISTEMIC ADVERBS / 7 // 1.1.1.1 Epistemic adverbs expressing possibility 18 // 1.1.1.2 Epistemic adverbs expressing probability 20 // 1.1.1.3 Epistemic adverbs expressing high probability or near-absolute certainty 20 // 1.1.1.4 Differences in the use of epistemic adverbs 22 // /. 1.2 OTHER LEXICAL MEANS 24 // 1.2 THE GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSION OF EPISTEMIC MODALITY 28 // /.2. / FORMAL ANALYSIS OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS 28 // 1.2.1.1 Classification and synchronic representation of epistemic verbal endings 28 // 1.2.1.2 Polarity: Affirmative and negative epistemic verbal endings 30 // 1.2.1.3 Epistemic copulas 34 // Ě.2.2 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS 35 // 1.2.2.1 Epistemic verbal endings as markers of tense-aspect 35 // 1.2.2.1.1 The tense-aspect paradigm of epistemic verbal endings 35 // 1.2.2.1.2 Some differences between the verbal endings of the epistemic tense-aspect paradigm 43 // 1.2.2.2 Epistemic verbal endings as markers ofepistemic modality 51 // 1.2.2.3 Epistemic verbal endings as markers of evidential meanings 53 // 1.2.2.3.1 Evidentiality in SST 53 // 1.2.2.3.2 Evidential meanings of epistemic verbal endings 56 // 1.2.2.4 Participant perspective 57 // 1.2.2.5 Geographic variation and frequency 62 // 1.2.2.6 Secondary meanings of epistemic verbal endings and copulas 66 // 1.2.3 SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS 67 // 1.2.3.1 Compatibility ofepistemic verbal endings with verbal constructions and verbal classes.68 // 1.2.3.2 Use of epistemic verbal endings in interrogative sentences 71 //

1.2.3.3 Use ofepistemic verbal endings in dependent clauses 74 // II. CLASSIFICATION OF EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS 80 // 2.1 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS OF THE TYPE YOD.KYI.RED 81 // 2.LI FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 81 // 2.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 85 // 2.2 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE FINAL AUXILIARY ’DRA 90 // 2.2.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMA TIC CHARACTERISTICS 90 // 2.2.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 93 // 2.3 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE FINAL // AUXILIARY ’GRO/’GRO’O 101 // 2.3.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 101 // 2.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 106 // 2.4 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE MORPHEMES 112 // 2.4.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMA TIC CHARACTERISTICS /12 // 2.4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS /16 // 2.5 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE MORPHEME 5/1 126 // 2.5. / FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 126 // 2.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 130 // 2.6 EPISTEMIC CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE SUFFIX MDOG.KHA.PO 134 // 2.6.1 FORMAL, SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 134 // 2.6.2 DESCRIPTION OF mdog.kha.po-CONSTRUCTIONS 142 // 2.6.2.1 Use of mdog.kha.po-constructions with the final auxiliaries red and ’dug in the perfective past.142 // 3 // 2.6.2.2 Use of ...constructions with the final auxiliaries red and ’dug in the imperfective and in the future 145 // 2.6.2.3 Mdog.kha.po-comtiuctiom with the final auxiliary yor/ 147 // 2.7 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS PA. ’DUG AND PA. YOD 150 // 2.7.1 EPISTEMIC ENDINGS pa. ’dug AND pa. mi. dug 150 // 2.7.2 EPISTEMIC ENDINGS pa.yod AND pa.med 154 // 2.8 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS OF THE TYPE YOD.PA. YOD 161 // 2.8.1 FORMAL. SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 161 // 2.8.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 163 //

2.9 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS OF THE TYPE YONG.NGA.YOD 167 // 2.9.1 FORMAL. SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 167 // 2.9.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 169 // 2.10 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS WITH THE MORPHEME YONG 172 // 2.10.1 EPISTEMIC ENDING mi.yong.ngas 172 // 2.10.2 EPISTEMIC ENDINGS AND COPULASyong AND mi.yong 175 // 2.10.2.1 Semantic and pragmatic characteristics 175 // 2.10.2.2 Various functions and meanings of the verbal endings and copulas yong and mi.yong (epistemic and non-epistemic) 178 // 2.11 EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS AND COPULAS WITH THE MORPHEME BZO 181 // 2.1 LI FORMAL. SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS 181 // 2.11.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERBAL ENDINGS 185 // 2.11.2.1 Verbal endings with the final auxiliary dug 185 // 2.11.2.2 Constructions with the morpheme bzo 188 // III. SECONDARY VERBS AND EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS 191 // 3.1 SECONDARY VERBS 191 // 3.2 USE OF SECONDARY VERBS WITH EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS 194 // 3.2.1 MODAL VERB thub ‘be able’, ‘can 195 // 3.2.2 MODAL VERB dgos ‘must’, ‘have to’ 196 // 3.2.3 MODAL VERB dad ‘want’ 197 // 3.2.4 MODAL VERB chog ‘be allowed’, ‘can’ AND ASPECTUAL VERB chog.chog ’be ready’.198 // 3.2.5 MODAL VERBshes ‘know’ 202 // 3.2.6 MODAL VERB srid ‘be possible ’, ‘can ’ 203 // 3.2.7 MODAL VERB nus ’dare ’ 204 // 3.2.8 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB rtsis ‘intend [to do] ’, ‘reckon or count [on doing] ’.205 // 3.2.9 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB ran ‘be time [to do] ’, ‘have come [the time to do] ’..206 // 3.2.10 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB long ‘have time [to do] ’ 207 // 3.2.11 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB tshar ‘to finish ’, ‘to end’ 208 // 3.2.12 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB bsdad ‘stay’ 209 // 3.2.13 DIRECTIONAL AND ASPECTUAL VERB ’gro ‘go’ 2/0 // 3.2.14 DIRECTIONAL AND ASPECTUAL VERB yong ‘come’ 212 //

3.2.15 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB ’gro ’o a) ‘be ready/be about [to do] b) // ‘have [just done/occured] ’ 214 // 3.2.16 ASPECTO-TEMPORAL VERB bzhag ‘put’ 215 // 3.2.17 EXPERIENTIAL SECONDARY VERB myong ‘experience’ 216 // 3.3 SUMMARY OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF SECONDARY VERBS WITH // EPISTEMIC VERBAL ENDINGS 218 // CONCLUSION 220 // REFERENCES 223 // GLOSSARY 223 // APPENDIX: LIST OF TAM VERBAL ENDINGS IN STANDARD SPOKEN TIBETAN 235