Acknowledgments vii // Maps xi Introduction i // I. LATE OTTOMAN SOCIETY // i. Cash-Flow Calamities n // i. A Difficult Land 13 // 3. Kurds and Armenians 34 // 4. The East in Flames 48 // II. BALKAN CRUSADES // 5. Ejecting the Muslims 79 // 6. The Young Turks 94 // 7. Italy Invades Libya 114 // 8. “May God Be with You” 115 // 9. Massacre and Flight 152 // III. THE LAST OTTOMAN WAR // 10. Into the Abyss 171 // ?. A Land in Despair 190 // 12. Armenians in Arms 214 // 13. The “Relocation” 238 // IV. A QUESTIONABLE PEACE // 14. Onward to Baku 263 // 15. The Road to Izmir 185 // 16. End of the Line 310 Epilogue 322 Notes 327 Bibliography 383 Index // 403