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Příručka

New York : Oxford University Press, 2020

vii, 99 stran, 16 nečíslovaných stran obrazových příloh : ilustrace (některé barevné) ; 21 cm

ISBN 978-0-19-009900-8 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 94-96 a rejstřík

001638501

Introduction 1 // SECTION 1: HOW TO ASSEMBLE A HABITABLE PLANET 8 // The elements of life on Earth are billions of years old 8 // Atoms heavier than hydrogen are synthesized in stars 10 // Six biogenic elements compose all forms of life 11 // Interstellar dust provided the atomic and molecular seeds of life hr the solar system 13 // Molecular clouds are the birthplace of stars and planets 14 // The solar system assembled from a disk of dust and gas circling the sun 15 // Radioactive elements keep the Earth ’s core molten 16 // Radioactive decay tells us the age of the Earth 18 // Life could not begin until there was an ocean 20 // Earth ’s water was delivered by planetesimals and comets 22 // SECTION 2: FROM NOT ALIVE TO ALMOST ALIVE 24 // Different proposals for how life began on the Earth All life is cellular, and probably the first forms of life as well // Life requires liquid water 33 // Life probably began in freshwater on volcanic islands 36 // Life needs monomers 37 // Life is composed of polymers 39 // Organic compounds were available to support the origin of life 42 // In order to react, organic compounds must be concentrated 44 // Energy and life ’s beginning 44 // Self-assembly and encapsulation are the first steps toward life 47 // The origin of life required a source of energy 49 // Catalysts are essential to all life today, and also were for earliest life 52 // Cycling conditions were essential for life to begin 54 // Some chemical reactions increase molecular complexity, others decompose complex molecules 56 // Life depends on cycles of information transfer between nucleic acids and proteins 57 // The oldest kno wn fossil evidence of life is around 3.5 billion years old 59 // SECTION 3: WHAT WE STILL NEED TO DISCOVER 61 // Is the RNA World real, or just conjecture? 61 // What is metabolism and how did it begin? 63 // What were the first catalysts? 64 //

How did regulatory feedback loops begin to function? 66 // How did life become homochiral? 68 // What is photosynthesis, and how did it begin? 71 // What was the first ribosome ? 73 // How did the genetic code emerge ? 74 // Where did viruses come from? 76 // How did encapsulated polymer systems begin to evolve ? 77 // What are progenotes and LUCA, the last universal common ancestor? 79 How did prokaryotic life become eukaryotic life ? 81 // Is there a Tree of Life ? 83 // Contents vii // Can we synthesize life in the laboratory? 85 // Could life begin again on the Earth today? 89 // Could conditions on other planets allow life to begin? 90 // Will we ever know how life can begin? 92 // Further reading 94 // INDEX 97