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BK

First published

Cambridge (UK) : Cambridge University Press, 2017

xiii, 407 stran : ilustrace, mapy ; 26 cm

ISBN 978-1-107-09199-3 (vázáno)

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 364-402 a rejstřík

This cutting-edge summary combines ideas from several sub-disciplines, including geology, geomorphology, oceanography and geochemistry, to provide an integrated view of Earth surface dynamics in terms of sediment generation, transport and deposition, introducing a global view of fundamental concepts underpinning source-to-sink studies, it provides an analysis of the component segments which make up sediment routing systems. The functioning of sediment routing systems is illustrated through calculations of denudation and sedimentation as well as the response to external drivers; with the final sections focusing on the stratigraphic record of sediment routing systems. Containing quantitative solutions to a wide range of problems in Earth surface dynamics, this book is suitable for graduate students as well as academic and professional researchers..

001651142

Preface ix // Part I A Global View of Sediment Routing Systems 1 // 1 Sediment Routing Systems: First Concepts 3 // 1.1 How Sediment Routing Systems Function 3 // 1.2 The Sediment Cascade 11 // 2 The Global Character of River Basins 20 // 2.1 Mapping of the Terrestrial Segment of Sediment Routing Systems 20 // 2.2 Topology of River Basins 27 // 2.3 Global Particulate Sediment and Solute Delivery to the Ocean 30 // 2.3.1 Run-off 32 // 2.3.2 Particulate Loads 35 // 2.3.3 Dissolved Solids 44 // 2.4 Chemical Weathering Fluxes Associated with Glaciation 49 // 3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 54 // 3.1 Biogeochemistry of World Rivers 54 // 3.1.1 Global Water Chemistry 56 // 3.1.2 Chemistry of the Particulate Load 60 // 3.1.3 The Estuarine Filter 61 // 3.2 The Fate of Organic Carbon 62 // 3.2.1 Particulate Organic Carbon 63 // 3.2.2 Dissolved Organic Carbon 65 // 3.2.3 Burial of Organic Carbon and Global Climate 66 // 3.2.4 Organic Carbon in the Amazon Sediment Routing // System 69 // 3.2.5 Organic Carbon through Glacial-Interglacial Cycles 71 // 3.2.6 Particulate Organic Carbon at Active and Passive // Margins 74 // 3.3 Nutrient Fluxes 78 // Part II The Segments of Sediment Routing Systems 81 // 4 The Catchment-Fluvial Segment 83 // 4.1 Hillslopes and Bedrock Channels 86 // 4.1.1 Outlet Spacing of Transverse Drainage Basins 86 // 4.1.2 Bedrock Channels 87 // 4.1.3 Effect of Tectonic Uplift on River Long Profiles 92 // 4.1.4 Hillslopes 93 // 4.2 Basin-Margin Fans 100 // 4.3 Axial versus Transverse Drainage 104 // 4.4 Alluvial Rivers 108 // 4.4.1 Fluvial Geomorphic Elements in Sedimentary Basins 108 // 4.4.2 Long-Range Sediment Transport and Deposition 110 // 4.4.3 River Planform Patterns and Long Profiles of Alluvial Rivers 114 // 4.5 Floodplains as Sediment Stores 116 // 4.6 Palaeohydrology of Rivers 128 // 5 The Continental Shelf Segment 131 // 5.1 Dynamics at River Mouths 131 //

5.2 Natural Range of Deltaic and Subaqueous Clinoforms 140 // 5.3 Simple Models of Delta Progradation 141 // 5.4 Sediment Transport on the Shelf 151 // 5.5 River Plumes and Dispersal Scaling 155 // 5.6 The Bottom Boundary Layer 160 // 5.7 Interaction between Ocean Currents and Coastal Waters 166 // 6 The Deep Marine Segment 170 // 6.1 Slope Morphology 170 // 6.2 Sediment Transfer to the Deep Sea: Critical Role of Submarine Canyons 174 // 6.3 Basin Plains and Deep Sea Fans 176 // 6.4 Deep-Water Circulation 184 // 6.5 Record of Glaciation in the Deep Sea 185 // Part III The Functioning of Sediment Routing Systems 191 // 7 Denudation and Sedimentation 193 // 7.1 Range of Techniques 193 // 7.2 Controls on Sediment Yield and Erosion Rate 196 // 7.2.1 Erosion Rate in Glaciated Basins 198 // 7.3 The BQART Predictor 202 // 7.4 Estimates of Erosion from Strontium Isotope Ratios 206 // 7.5 Denudation from Low-Temperature Thermochronometry 211 // 7.5.1 Fission Track Analysis 211 // 7.5.2 Helium Diffusion: (U-Th)/He 216 // Contents // vii // 7.6 Denudation from Analysis of Gosmogenic Nuclides 218 // 7.6.1 Catchment-Averaged Erosion Rate from Gosmogenic Nuclide // Analysis 222 // 7.7 Sedimentation: Patterns, Rates and Hierarchies 226 // 7.7.1 Life-Span of Sedimentary Basins 226 // 7.7.2 Sedimentation Rates and Hierarchies 227 // 7.7.3 Stratigraphic Completeness 231 // 7.7.4 Bed Thickness Statistics 236 // 8 Dynamics of Sediment Routing Systems 240 // 8.1 Moving Boundaries 240 // 8.1.1 The Gravel Front and Gravel Cline 240 // 8.1.2 The Shoreline 244 // 8.2 Mass Balance 247 // 8.3 Stochastic Theory of Particle Trajectories 250 // 8.4 Towards a Vocabulary for Tectonic Landscapes 256 // 8.5 Transient Responses within Sediment Routing Systems 259 // 8.5.1 Alluvial Rivers 261 // 8.5.2 Hillslope Erosion 262 // 8.5.3 Catchment-Fan Systems 263 //

8.5.4 Growth of Extensional Fault Arrays 269 // 8.5.5 Lateral Growth of a Fault Tip 273 // 8.5.6 Knickpoint Migration 274 // 8.5.7 Unroofing of Tectonic Folds 277 // 8.6 Coupling of Tectonics and Surface Processes 279 // 8.6.1 Orogenic Wedges and Foreland Basin Systems 280 // 8.6.2 Coupled Tectonic-Erosion Models of Foreland Basin Systems 285 // 8.6.3 Arrays of Contractional Folds 288 // 8.7 Transformation of Signals in Sediment Routing Systems 291 // Part IV The Stratigraphic Record of Sediment Routing Systems 295 // 9 Sediment Production, Evolution and Provenance 297 // 9.1 The Formation of Sediment 297 // 9.2 Precipitation, Vegetation and Erosion 304 // 9.3 Grain-Size Mix of Sediment Supplied to Basins 309 // 9.3.1 Simulations Using a Variable Grain-Size Mix in the Supply 313 // 9.4 Grain-Size Fractionation in Sediment Routing Systems 318 // 9.4.1 Downstream Changes in Hydraulic Geometry 318 // 9.4.2 Fractionation of Grain Size During Dispersal 319 // 9.4.3 Down-System Fining of Gravel by Selective Deposition 323 // 9.4.4 Effects of Climate Change on Grain-Size Trends 326 // 9.5 Linking Source to Sink: Provenance Tools 330 // viii Contents // 10 Sediment Routing Systems and Sequence Stratigraphy 335 // 10.1 Insights from Quaternary Studies 335 // 10.2 Orbitally Driven Signals in Stratigraphy 343 // 10.2.1 Effects of Sea Level Change 346 // 10.3 Analogue and Numerical Experiments of Sequence Architectures 349 // 10.3.1 Autostratigraphy Resulting from Internal Dynamics 351 // 10.4 Cycles and the Global Sea Level Chart 356 // 10.4.1 An Ordered Hierarchy? 356 // References 364 // Index 403