.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

New Haven ; London : Yale University Press, [2001]

xxiii, 795 stran : ilustrace (převážně barevné), mapy ; 29 cm

ISBN 978-0-300-08249-4 (vázáno)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii a rejstříky

001653098

Foreword by Peter H. Raven Preface // Acknowledgments // PART ONE / ABOUT THE LICHENS // 1 Lichens: The Organism 3 // What Lichens Are 3 // What Lichens Are Not 3 // The Components 4 // The Fungi, 4 The Photohionts, 4 Picking a Partner 6 // The Lichen Association 6 // The Mysterious Transformation 8 // 2 How Lichens Are Built: Thallus Shapes and Structure 9 // Growth Forms 9 // Foliose Lichens, 13 Fruticose Lichens, 14 Crustose Lichens, 16 Squamulose Lichens, 17 Combinations of Growth Forms, and Intermediates, 18 // Special Features of Lichen Thalli 18 // Cilia, 18 Pruinose and Scabrose Surfaces, 18 Tomentum, 19 Cortical Hairs, 19 Maculae, 20 Pseudocyphellae, 20 Cyphellae, 20 Cephalodia, 20 // 3 How Lichens Reproduce 23 // Fruiting Bodies in Lichens 23 // Ascomata 23 // Asci 24 // Ascospores 26 // The Tissues of Apothecia 28 // Perithecia 29 // Mushroom Lichens 29 // Pycnidia and Conidia 30 // Vegetative Reproductive Structures 30 // Soredia, 30 Isidia, 31 Granules and Blastidia, 32 Schizidia, 33 Lobules, 33 // 4 Colors of Lichens 34 // 5 How Lichens Live: Physiology and Growth 36 // Producing and Sharing Food: Photosynthesis in Lichens 36 // Using Food for Energy: Respiration 37 // Finding the Balance: Photosynthesis versus Respiration 37 // Water Relations 38 // Temperature 39 // Minerals 39 // Nitrogen 40 // Growth 40 // Putting It All Together: Physiology and Habitat Selection 41 // 6 Lichen Chemistry 42 // Lichen Substances: What They Are 42 // Where the Substances Occur, and What They Do for the Lichen 42 // Using Chemistry for Identifying and Classifying Lichens 44 // 7 Where Lichens Grow: Their Substrates 45 // General Characteristics of Substrates 45 // Bark 45 // Wood 46 // Mosses and Dead Vegetation 46 // Rock 47 // Soil 50 // Leaves 51 // Artifacts as Substrates 52 // Animals 52 // 8 Lichens and Ecosystems 54 // Nature’s Pioneers 54 //

Colonization of Rock: Succession and Soil Formation, 54 Colonization and Stabilization of Soil, 55 Colonization of Trees, 57 Contribution of Lichens to the Nitrogen Cycle 58 // Animals and Lichens 59 // Lichens as Food, 59 Lichens as Nesting Material, 60 Lichens as Camouflage, 61 // 9 Geographic Distributions in North America How Have Distribution Patterns Arisen? Classifying Patterns of Distribution // 62 // 62 // 63 // Arctic-Alpine Element 67 // Boreal Element 67 // Temperate Element 68 // Eastern Sector, 69 Western Sector, 71 // Western Montane Element 72 // Madrean Element 73 // Tropical Element 74 // Oceanic Element 75 // Maritime Element 75 // 10 Lichens and People 78 // Lichens as Food 78 // Clothing 79 // Dyes 80 // Perfumes 82 // Medicines and Poisons 82 // Models and Decorations 83 // Lichenometry 84 // The Down Side of Lichen Growth: Lichen-Caused Damage 84 // Human Impacts on Lichens 85 // 11 Environmental Monitoring with Lichens 89 // Lichens as Pollution Monitors: Why Does It Work? 89 // Pollution Indexes, Scales, and Maps 89 // Transplants 91 // Lichen-Based Programs of Pollution Monitoring 92 // Prospecting 92 // Ancient Forests 92 // 12 Naming and Classifying Lichens 94 // Lichen Names 94 // Scientific Names and Their Authors 94 // Lichen Classification: Families of Lichens 95 // Scientific versus Vernacular Names 95 // 13 Collecting and Studying Lichens 97 // Conservation 97 // Tools 97 // Transporting Lichens 98 // Back Home 99 // Preparing Specimens for Study and Storage 99 // Preparing a Label 100 // The Permanent Collection 100 // Studying Lichens 101 // Equipment, 101 Microscopic Study, 101 Chemistry 103 // Spot Tests, 103 Crystal Tests, 10S Thin-Layer Chromatography, 108 Ultraviolet Light, 109 Photographing Lichens: Techniques and Advice 109 // 14 Using This Book to Name a Lichen: Hints and Conventions 111 // Organizing the Task 111 //

Keys 111 // Main Entries 112 // Distribution Maps 113 // Plates 113 // PART TWO / GUIDE TO THE LICHENS // Identification Keys to Genera and Major Groups 117 // Key to Keys 117 // Key A: Fruticose Lichens 118 // Key B: Dwarf Fruticose Filamentous Lichens 121 // Key C: Sterile Crustose Lichens 122 // Key D: Crustose Perithecial Lichens and Lichens with Ascomata // Resembling Perithecia 124 // Key E: Crustose Script Lichens 126 // Key F: Crustose Disk Lichens 126 // Key G: Squamulose Lichens 134 // Key H: Umbilicate and Fan-Shaped Lichens 136 // Key I: Jelly Lichens 137 // Key J: Yellow Foliose Lichens 137 // Key K: Foliose Lichens That Are not Umbilicate, Jelly-Like, or Yellow 139 // Descriptions, Illustrations, Keys to Species, and Maps 145 // Appendix: Classification of Lichen Fungi 751 // Glossary 755 // Further Reading and Bibliography 765 // Index of Names 771