ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 3 ONE Party-Military Relations in Eastern Europe 7 TWO The Historical Foundations of the Relationship between the Party and Military in Czechoslovakia 31 THREE The Formation of the Army of a Socialist Type, 1948-1956 58 FOUR The Czechoslovak People’s Army after De-Stalinization, 1956-1967 85 FIVE The Military in the Period of Liberalization, January to August 1968 111 SIX Invasion and Normalization, August 1968-1975 157 SEVEN The Czechoslovak People s Army since 1975 197 EIGHT Party-Military Relations in Eastern Europe: The Impact of Soviet Power 218 NOTES 247 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 279 // INDEX 293