Contents // List of Figures page x // List of Maps xi // List of Tables xii // Preface and Acknowledgments xiii // Introduction I // PARTI ORIGINS, THEORIES, AND CONTENTIOUS ACTION // I Where Did Movements Come From? 25 // 2 Capitalism, States, and Social Movements 49 // 3 Acting Contentiously 73 // PART II THE POWERS IN MOVEMENT // 4 Organizations, Networks, and Hybrids 101 // 5 How Movements Make Meanings 121 // 6 Regimes, Opportunities, and Threats 140 // 7 Struggling to Reform 168 // PART III DYNAMICS OF CONTENTION // 8 Cycles of Contention 193 // 9 Movements in Revolutionary Cycles 211 // 10 Democracy, Movements, and Undemocracy 234 // ii Transnational Contention 259 // Conclusions 282 // References 302 // Index 343 // ix