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1st English edition

Olomouc : Palacký University, 2021

314 stran : ilustrace (některé barevné) ; 31 cm + 1 aktivační kód (40 x 90 mm) + 1 list (21 x 15 cm)

ISBN 978-80-244-5697-3 (vázáno)

ISBN 9788024458373 (e-kniha)

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This publication was created as a basic textbook of radiology for medical students. The intention of the authors was to provide information about radiology with which the student will become acquainted during the entire course of study, and will thus return to the book on a regular basis. The publication can also be recommended to beginning radiologists to review their basic knowledge. Because nuclear medicine is a separate subject in the Czech Republic, the book contains information about nuclear medicine only marginally..

Popsáno podle tištěné verze

001659456

List of Abbreviations 10 // 1. Introduction 11 // 1.1 Origin and Properties of X-rays 11 // 1.2 Biological Effects of X-rays 11 // 1.3 Principles of Radiation Protection 11 // 1.4 Overview of Doses in Radiological // Examinations 12 // 1.5 Request for Radiological Examination 13 // 1.6 Radiological Report 13 // 2. Imaging Methods 14 // 2.1 Radiography 14 // 2.2 Fluoroscopy 15 // 2.3 Tomography, Tomosynthesis 16 // 2.4 Angiography 16 // 2.5 Ultrasonography (US) 17 // 2.6 Computed Tomography (CT) 21 // 2.7 Magnetic Resonance (MR) 25 // 2.7.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 26 // 2.7.2 Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) 29 // 2.7.3 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) 30 // 2.7.4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (ÍMRI) 30 // 2.7.5 Other Types of MR Examinations 31 // 2.8 Picture Archiving and Communication // Systems - PACS 32 // 3. Contrast Media 33 // 3.1 Positive CM 33 // 3.1.1 Barium CM 33 // 3.1.2 Iodine CM 33 // 3.2 Negative CM 35 // 3.3 Double Contrast Examination 35 // 3.4 Contrast Media for Ultrasonography 35 // 3.5 Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media 36 // 4. Thorax 37 // 4.1 Imaging Anatomy 37 // 4.2 Imaging Methods 40 // 4.2.1 Chest Radiograph 40 // 4.2.2 Computed Tomography (CT) 40 // 4.2.3 Angiographic Methods 42 // 4.2.4 Ultrasonography 42 // 4.2.5 Magnetic Resonance 42 // 4.2.6 Nuclear Medicine Methods 43 // 4.2.7 Intervention Radiology Methods 43 // 4.2.8 Other Imaging Methods 43 // 4.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes 43 // 4.3.1 Symptoms of Lung Diseases 43 // 4.3.2 Changes in the Hila and Pulmonary // Vasculature 48 // 4.3.3 Changes in the Diaphragm and Diaphragm Angles 49 // 4.3.4 Changes in the Heart and Mediastinum 49 // 4.3.5 Changes in the Skeleton of the Thorax 52 // 4.3.6 The Main Differences in Radiographs // Taken of a Standing or Supine Patient.52 // 4.4 Evaluation and Examination Report 53 // 4.4.1 Radiograph 53 //

4.4.2 CT 53 // 4.5 Pulmonary Inflammation 54 // 4.5.1 Pneumonia, Bronchopneumonia 54 // 4.5.2 Atypical Pneumonia, Mycotic and Parasitic Lung Disease 54 // 4.5.3 Complications of pulmonary // inflammation 56 // 4.5.4 Pulmonary Tuberculosis 58 // 4.5.5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary // Disease 59 // 4.6 Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease 59 // 4.6.1 Pneumoconioses 60 // 4.6.2 Sarcoidosis 61 // 4.6.3 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) 62 // 4.6.4 Pulmonary Fibrosis 62 // 4.7 Tumours of the Lungs and Bronchi 64 // 4.7.1 Bronchogenic Carcinoma 64 // 4.7.2 Metastases in the Lungs 65 // 4.7.3 Intra-thoracic Lymphomas and Leukaemia 67 // 4.7.4 Benign Lung Tumours 68 // 4.8 Pulmonary Circulatory Disorders 68 // 4.8.1 Congenital Anomalies 68 // 4.8.2 Pulmonary Embolism 68 // 4.8.3 Pre-capillary Pulmonary Hypertension 68 // 4.8.4 Pulmonary Oedema (Post-capillary Pulmonary Hypertension) 69 // 4.9 The Heart 71 // 4.9.1 Congenital Malformations 71 // 4.9.2 Heart Failure 71 // 4.9.3 Diseases of Valves 71 // 4.9.4 Bacterial Endocarditis 71 // 4.9.5 Myxoma and Other Intra-cardial // Expansions 71 // 4.9.6 Ischaemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction 72 // 4.9.7 Hypertension 72 // 4.9.8 Pericardial Disease 72 // 4.10 Diseases of the Mediastinum 72 // 4.10.1 Expansion in the Mediastinum 72 // 4.10.2 Mediastinitis 73 // 6 // Contents // 4.11 Pleural Diseases 73 // 4.11.1 Pleural Fluid 73 // 4.11.2 Pneumothorax 75 // 4.11.3 Pleural Thickening 75 // 4.11.4 Pleural Tumours 75 // 4.12 Chest Injuries 75 // 5. Musculoskeletal System 79 // 5.1 Imaging Anatomy 79 // 5.2 Imaging Methods 82 // 5.2.1 Radiography 82 // 5.2.2 Computed Tomography 82 // 5.2.3 Ultrasonography 82 // 5.2.4 Magnetic Resonance 83 // 5.2.5 Nuclear Medicine Methods 83 // 5.2.6 Arthography 83 // 5.2.7 Densitometry 83 // 5.2.8 Interventional Radiology Methods 83 // 5.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes 83 //

5.3.1 Symptoms of Skeletal Affection 83 // 5.3.2 Symptoms of Soft Tissue Disorders 85 // 5.4 Evaluation and Examination Report 87 // 5.4.1 Radiographs 87 // 5.4.2 Other Imaging Methods 87 // 5.5 Injuries 87 // 5.5.1 Bones 87 // 5.5.2 Joints 91 // 5.5.3 Soft Tissues of Joints 92 // 5.5.4 Muscles and Tendons 94 // 5.6 Degenerative Joint Diseases - Osteoarthritis 94 // 5.7 Bone and Joint Inflammations 95 // 5.7.1 Bone Inflammation - Osteomyelitis 95 // 5.7.2 Joint Inflammations - Arthritis 96 // 5.8 Bone Tumours 100 // 5.8.1 Osteogenic Tumours 102 // 5.8.2 Chondrogenic Tumours 102 // 5.8.3 Osteoclastoma (Giant Cell Tumour) 103 // 5.8.4 Bone-Marrow Tumours 103 // 5.8.5 Vascular Tumours 104 // 5.8.6 Secondary Bone Tumours (Metastases) 104 // 5.8.7 Bone Pseudotumours 104 // 5.9 Tumours of Soft Tissues 108 // 5.9.1 Benign Tumours 108 // 5.9.2 Malignant Tumours 108 // 5.10 Other Osteopathies 108 // 5.10.1 Circulation Disorders 108 // 5.10.2 Metabolic and Hormonal // Osteopathies 109 // 5.10.3 Other Bone Diseases 111 // 6. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) 112 // 6.1 Imaging Anatomy 112 // 6.2 Imaging Methods 114 // 6.2.1 Examinations Using Contrast Media 115 // 6.2.2 Ultrasonography 117 // 6.2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) 118 // 6.2.4 Magnetic Resonance 120 // 6.2.5 Interventional Radiology Methods 120 // 6.2.6 Radiograph 121 // 6.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes of the Gastrointestinal Tract in an Examination with CM 121 // 6.4 Assessment and Examination Report 122 // 6.4.1 Examination with Contrast Media 122 // 6.4.2 Ultrasonography 123 // 6.4.3 CT/MR 123 // 6.5 Diseases of the Pharynx and Oesophagus 123 // 6.5.1 Inflammation of the Oesophagus 123 // 6.5.2 Retropharyngeal Abscess 124 // 6.5.3 Oesophageal manifestations of the systemic autoimmune diseases 124 // 6.5.4 Hypopharyngeal Tumours 124 // 6.5.5 Oesophageal Tumours 124 // 6.5.6 Diverticula of the Oesophagus 125 //

6.5.7 Achalasia 126 // 6.5.8 Gastro-Oesophageal Varices 126 // 6.5.9 Oesophageal Perforation 126 // 6.6 Stomach and Duodenal Disorders 126 // 6.6.1 Inflammatory Diseases of the Stomach and Duodenum 126 // 6.6.2 Tumours of the Stomach and Duodenum 128 // 6.6.3 Hiatus Hernia 129 // 6.6.4 Blunt Duodenal Injury 130 // 6.6.5 Duodenal Diverticula 130 // 6.7 Small Bowel Disease 131 // 6.7.1 Inflammatory Diseases of the Small Bowel 131 // 6.7.2 Malabsorption Syndrome 132 // 6.7.3 Tumours of the Small Bowel 132 // 6.7.4 Meckel’s Diverticulum 132 // 6.8 Diseases of the Colon 132 // 6.8.1 Inflammatory Diseases of the Colon.132 // 6.8.2 Tumours of the Large Bowel 134 // 6.8.3 Colonic Diverticulosis 136 // 6.8.4 Anorectal Dysfunctions 137 // 6.9 Evaluation of Post-operative Conditions of the Gastrointestinal Tract 137 // 7. Liver, Bile Ducts, Pancreas, and Spleen 139 // 7.1 Liver 139 // 7.1.1 Imaging Methods 139 // 7.1.2 Hepatic Steatosis 140 // 7.1.3 Cirrhosis 140 // 7.1.4 Portal Hypertension 141 // 7.1.5 Liver Cysts 141 // 7.1.6 Liver Abscess 141 // 7.1.7 Liver Tumours 142 // 7.1.8 Injuries 143 // 7.2 Gallbladder and Bile Ducts 145 // 7.2.1 Imaging Methods 145 // 7.2.2 Cholecystolithiasis 146 // 7.2.3 Choledocholithiasis 147 // 7.2.4 Cholecystitis 147 // 7.2.5 Cholangitis 148 // 7.2.6 Tumours 148 // 7.2.7 Icterus 148 // 7.2.8 Postoperative Complications 149 // 7.3 Pancreas 149 // 7.3.1

Imaging Methods 149 // 7.3.2 Acute Pancreatitis 149 // 7.3.3 Chronic Pancreatitis 150 // 7.3.4 Tumours of the Pancreas 150 // 7.4 Spleen 151 // 7.4.1 Imaging Methods 151 // 7.4.2 Splenomegaly 151 // 7.4.3 Expansion 151 // 7.4.4 Injuries 152 // 8. Abdominal Trauma and Acute // Abdomen 153 // 8.1 Abdominal Trauma 153 // 8.2 Acute Abdomen 153 // 8.2.1 Inflammatory Acute Abdomen 154 // 8.2.2 Bowel Obstruction and Ileus 155 // 8.2.3 Bleeding 158 // 9. Urinary System, Sex Organs in Men, Retroperitoneum 160 // 9.1 Imaging Anatomy 160 // 9.2 Imaging Methods 162 // 9.2.1 Ultrasonography 162 // 9.2.2 Computed Tomography 163 // 9.2.3 Radiography 163 // 9.2.4 Intravenous Urography (IVU) 163 // 9.2.5 Voiding Cystourethrography 163 // 9.2.6 Digital Subtraction Angiography, // Interventional Radiology 163 // 9.2.8 Magnetic Resonance 163 // 9.3 Evaluation and Examination Report 163 // 9.4 Congenital Anomalies and Variants 164 // 9.5 Acquired Anomalies of Kidney Position 165 // 9.6 Urolithiasis 166 // 9.7 Obstructive Uropathy 166 // 9.8 Renal masses 167 // 9.9 Tumours of the Renal Pelvis, Ureter, and Urinary Bladder 170 // 9.10 Acute Inflammatory Diseases of the Kidney 170 // 9.11 Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract 170 // 9.12 Urinary Tract Trauma 172 // 9.13 Renovascular Hypertension 172 // 9.14 Transplanted Kidney 172 // 9.15 Prostate Disease 173 // 9.16 Diseases of the Testicles and Epididymis 173 // 9.17 Adrenal Diseases 173 // 9.18 Other Retroperitoneal Diseases 175 // 10. Neuroradiology - Brain, Skull 176 // 10.1 Imaging Anatomy 176 // 10.2 Imaging Methods 178 // 10.2.1 Computed Tomography 179 // 10.2.2 Magnetic Resonance 179 // 10.2.3 Angiography 179 // 10.2.4 Ultrasonography 179 // 10.2.5 Radiography 179 // 10.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes..179 // 10.3.1 Symptoms of Brain Pathology 179 //

10.3.2 Symptoms of Pathologies of Spaces Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 180 // 10.3.3 Symptoms of Pathology of the Cerebral Meninges 181 // 10.3.4 Symptoms of Vascular Impairment.182 // 10.4 Assessment and Examination Report 182 // 10.5 Congenital Varieties and Anomalies 182 // 10.6 Head and Brain Trauma 183 // 10.6.1 Skeletal Injury 184 // 10.6.2 Brain Injuries 184 // 10.6.3 Extracerebral Traumatic Haemorrhage 186 // 10.6.4 Other Traumatic Intracranial Changes 187 // 10.7 Stroke 188 // 10.7.1 Ischaemic Stroke 188 // 10.7.2 Haemorrhagic Stroke 189 // 10.8 Tumours 191 // 10.9 Inflammations 194 // 10.10 Diseases of the White Matter 195 // 10.11 Diseases of Cerebral Vessels 195 // 10.12 Degenerative Diseases of the Brain 197 // 11. Neuroradiology - Spine, Spinal Cord 199 // 11.1 Imaging Anatomy 199 // 11.2 Imaging Methods 201 // 11.2.1 Radiography 201 // 11.2.2 Computed Tomography 201 // 11.2.3 Magnetic Resonance 202 // 11.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes 202 // 11.3.1 Symptoms of Skeletal Pathology 202 // 11.3.2 Signs of Intervertebral Discs Pathology 202 // 11.3.3 Symptoms of Spinal Canal and Its // Content Pathology 202 // 11.4 Evaluation and Examination Report 205 // 11.5 Congenital Variations and Anomalies 205 // 11.6 Trauma of the Spine and Spinal Cord 206 // 11.7 Tumours 208 // 11.8 Degenerative Diseases 210 // 11.9 Inflammatory Diseases 214 // 8 // Contents // 12. Head and Neck Radiology 215 // 12.1 Imaging Anatomy 215 // 12.2 Imaging Methods 218 // 12.2.1 Ultrasonography 218 // 12.2.2 Computed Tomography 218 // 12.2.3 Magnetic Resonance 219 // 12.2.4 Radiography 219 // 12.2.5 Contrast Examination 219 // 12.2.6 Interventional Methods 219 // 12.2.7 Nuclear Medicine Methods 219 // 12.3 Evaluation and Examination Report 219 // 12.4 Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands 220 // 12.5 Cervical Lymphadenopathy 221 // 12.6 Other Expansions in the Neck 221 //

12.7 Tumours of the Maxillofacial Region 222 // 12.8 Larynx, Pharynx 222 // 12.9 Paranasal Sinuses 224 // 12.10 Temporal Bone 225 // 12.11 Large Salivary Glands 226 // 12.12 Orbits 227 // 12.13 Facial Injuries 228 // 13. Breast Imaging 230 // 13.1 Imaging Anatomy 230 // 13.2 Imaging Methods 231 // 13.2.1 Mammography (MG) 231 // 13.2.2 Ultrasonography (US) 231 // 13.2.3 Magnetic Resonance 231 // 13.2.4 Ductography 232 // 13.2.5 Nuclear Medicine Methods 232 // 13.2.6 Biopsy 232 // 13.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes 234 // 13.4 Evaluation and Examination Report 234 // 13.5 Inflammatory Diseases of the Breast 235 // 13.6 Benign Breast Lesions 236 // 13.7 Malignant Breast Tumours 236 // 14. Radiodiagnostics in Gynaecology and Obstetrics 239 // 14.1 Imaging Anatomy 239 // 14.2 Imaging Methods 240 // 14.3 Evaluation and Examination Report 241 // 14.4 Imaging during Pregnancy 241 // 14.5 Imaging in the Evaluation of Infertility.243 // 14.6 Inflammations of the Uterus and Adnexa, Endometriosis 243 // 14.7 Cystic and Tumourous Affections of the Uterus and Adnexa 243 // 15. Arterial System 245 // 15.1 Imaging Anatomy 245 // 15.2 Imaging Methods 248 // 15.2.1 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) 248 // 15.2.2 Doppler Ultrasonography 250 // 15.2.3 CT Angiography (???) 251 // 15.2.4 MR Angiography (MRA) 253 // 15.2.5 Radiograph 254 // 15.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes 255 // 15.3.1 Pathological Findings in Arteriography (DSA, ???, and MRA) 255 // 15.3.2 Pathological Findings in US 259 // 15.4 Evaluation and Examination Report 259 // 15.5 Pathological Conditions of the Aortic Arch and Arteries of the Head (Brain and Face) and Neck 260 // 15.5.1 Pathological Conditions of the Aortic Arch 260 // 15.5.2 Pathological Conditions of the Arteries of the Neck and Face 260 // 15.5.3 Pathological Conditions of the Intracranial Vasculature 261 //

15.5.4 Detection of Brain Death 261 // 15.6 Pathological Conditions of Upper Extremity Arteries 262 // 15.7 Pathological Conditions of the Heart and Coronary Arteries 262 // 15.7.1 Pathological Conditions of the Heart 262 // 15.7.2 Pathological Conditions of Coronary Arteries 263 // 15.8 Pathological Conditions of the Thoracic Aorta and Medullary and Spinal Arteries 263 // 15.9 Pathological Conditions of Splanchnic Arteries 263 // 15.10 Pathological Conditions of Renal Arteries 264 // 15.11 Pathological Conditions of the Abdominal Aorta, Pelvic, and Lower Extremity Arteries 264 // 15.12 Pathological Conditions of the Pulmonary Arteries 265 // 16. Venous System 266 // 16.1 Imaging Anatomy 266 // 16.2 Imaging Methods 268 // 16.2.1 Doppler Ultrasonography 268 // 16.2.2 Venography (Phlebography) 268 // 16.2.3 CT Venography and MR Venography 269 // 16.2.4 Radiograph 270 // 16.3 General Signs of Pathological Changes 270 // 16.3.1 Pathological Findings in US 270 // 16.3.2 Pathological Findings in Venography 271 // 16.4 Evaluation and Examination Report 271 // 16.5 Venous Thrombosis 271 // 16.6 Occlusion of the Superior or Inferior Vena Cava 271 // 16.7 Examination of the Venous System of the Upper Extremities before the Implantation of a Dialysis Shunt 271 // 16.8 Portal Hypertension 272 // 17. Lymphatic System 273 // 17.1 Imaging Anatomy 273 // 17.2 Imaging Methods 274 // 17.2.1 Ultrasonography 274 // 17.2.2 Computed Tomography 274 // 17.2.3 Magnetic Resonance 274 // 17.2.4 Nuclear Medicine Methods 274 // 17.3 Evaluation and Examination Report 274 // 17.4 Lymphadenopathy 274 // 17.5 Lymphocele 276 // 18. Interventional Radiology 277 // Vascular Interventions 277 // 18.1 Recanalization Interventions 277 // 18.1.1 Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) 277 // 18.1.2 Subintimai Angioplasty 279 // 18.1.3 Stents in the Vascular System 280 //

18.1.4 Local Thrombolysis 282 // 18.1.5 Mechanical Thrombectomy 282 // 18.2 Reconstruction Interventions 282 // 18.2.1 Endovascular Treatment of Arterial Aneurysms, Pseudoaneurysms, and Arteriovenous Fistulas with Stent Grafts 282 // 18.3 Transcatheter Embolization Methods 284 // 18.3.1 Chemotherapy and Chemoembolization of Liver Metastases 285 // 18.3.2 Preoperative Embolization of the Portal Vein 285 // 18.3.3 Embolization of Acute Bleeding into the GIT 287 // 18.3.4 Endovascular Treatment of Haemobilia 287 // 18.3.5 Endovascular Treatment of Vascular Trauma 287 // 18.3.6 Sclerotherapy of Peripheral Vascular // Malformations 288 // 18.3.7 Endovascular Embolization Methods in // Neuroradiology 289 // 18.4 Inferior Vena Cava Filters 290 // 18.5 Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic // Shunt (TIPS) 291 // Non-Vascular Interventions 291 // 18.6 Percutaneous Biopsy 291 // 18.7 Percutaneous Aspiration and Drainage of Fluid Collections and Abscesses 292 // 18.8 Radiofrequency Ablation 293 // 18.9 Interventions in the Biliary Tract 293 // 18.9.1 Percutaneous Transhepatic Drainage of the Biliary Tract (PTD) 293 // 18.9.2 Dilation of Stenoses of the Biliary // Tract 294 // 18.9.3 Percutaneous Extraction of Stones from the Biliary Tract 294 // 18.10 GIT Interventions 294 // 18.10.1 Dilatation of GIT Stenoses 294 // 18.10.2 Palliative Treatment of Dysphagia with Stents 295 // 18.10.3 Percutaneous Gastrostomy 295 // 18.11 Percutaneous Nephrostomy 296 // 18.12 Respiratory Interventions 296 // 19. Paediatric Radiology 297 // 19.1 Respiratory Tract 297 // 19.1.1 Pulmonary Diseases 297 // 19.1.2 Mediastinal Diseases 298 // 19.1.3 Heart Disease 298 // 19.2 Gastrointestinal Tract 298 // 19.2.1 Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract 299 // 19.3 Urogenital Tract 300 // 19.3.1 Diseases of the Kidneys andFthe Urinary Tract 302 // 19.4 Musculoskeletal System 304 //

19.4.1 Diseases of the Skeleton 304 // 19.5 Neuroradiology 306 // 19.5.1 Diseases of the Brain 307 // 19.5.2 Diseases of the Spine 308 // Index 310

(OCoLC)1257529803

cnb003310515