.

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Fifth edition

Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press, 2024

xix, 314 stran : ilustrace ; 22 cm

ISBN 978-0-226-82667-7 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografii a rejstřík

002000420

Preface: The Aims of This Edition xiii // Introduction: Your Research and Your Audience 1 // 1.1 What Is Research? 3 // 1.2 Connecting with Your Audience 4 // 1.3 Understanding Your Role 5 // 1.4 Imagining the Role of Your Audience 7 // 1.5 How to Use This Book 11 // QUICK TIP: A checklist For Understanding YOUR AUDIENCE 13 // I ASKING QUESTIONS, SEEKING ANSWERS // Prologue: Planning Your Project — An Overview 17 // QUICK TIP: SUSTAINING A RESEARCH PROJECT ALONE // AND IN GROUPS 19 // 1 From Topics to Questions 21 // 1.1 From an Interest to a Topic 22 // 1.2 From Focused Topic to Research Question 25 // 1.3 The Most Significant Question: So What? 29 // QUICK TIP: FINDING TOPICS 33 // 2 From Questions to a Problem 35 // 2.1 Understanding Research Problems 36 // 2.2 Distinguishing Between “Pure" and “Applied" Research 42 // 2.3 Connecting Research to Practical Consequences 43 // 2.4 Finding a Good Research Problem 45 // 2.5 Learning to Work with Problems 47 // QUICK TIP: MAKING AN OPPORTUNITY OF INEXPERIENCE 48 // II SOURCES AND RESOURCES // Prologue: Sources and Authentic Research 51 // 3 Finding and Evaluating Sources 53 // 3.1 Understanding Three Types of Sources 53 // 3.2 Making the Most of the Library 57 // 3.3 Locating Sources Online 63 // 3.4 Evaluating Sources for Relevance and Reliability 65 // 3.5 Looking Beyond Predictable Sources 69 // 3.6 Using People to Further Your Research 69 // QUICK TIP: USING GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 72 // 4 Engaging Sources 74 // 4.1 Recording Complete Bibliographic Information 75 // 4.2 Engaging Sources Actively 76 // 4.3 Reading for a Problem 78 // 4.4 Reading for Arguments 81 // 4.5 Reading for Data and Support 83 // 4.6 Taking Notes Systematically 84 // 4.7 Annotating Your Sources 91 // QUICK TIP: MANAGING MOMENTS OF UNCERTAINTY 94 // III MAKING YOUR ARGUMENT // Prologue: Assembling a Research Argument 97 //

5 Making Good Arguments: An Overview 101 // 5.1 Argument as Conversation 101 // 5.2 Assembling the Core of Your Argument 102 // 5.3 Explaining Your Reasoning with Warrants 105 // 5.4 Acknowledging and Responding to Anticipated Questions and // Objections 106 // 5.5 Planning Your Research Argument 107 // 5.6 Creating Your Ethos 110 // QUICK TIP: A COMMON MISTAKE - FALLING BACK // ON WHAT YOU KNOW 113 // 6 Making Claims 114 // 6.1 Determining the Kind of Claim You Should Make 114 // 6.2 Evaluating Your Claim 116 // 6.3 Qualifying Claims to Enhance Your Credibility 120 // QUICK TIP: MAKE YOUR CLAIM CONTESTABLE 123 // 7 Assembling Reasons and Evidence 124 // 71 Using Reasons to Plan Your Argument 124 // 72 Distinguishing Evidence from Reasons 125 // 7 3 Determining the Kind of Evidence You Need 126 // 7.4 Distinguishing Evidence from Reports of It 127 // 7.5 Evaluating Your Evidence 129 // QUICK TIP: ASSESS YOUR EVIDENCE AS YOU GATHER IT 136 // 8 Warrants 137 // 8.1 Warrants in Everyday Reasoning 138 // 8.2 Warrants in Research Arguments 139 // 8.3 Testing Warrants 142 // 8.4 Knowing When to State a Warrant 146 // 8.5 Using Warrants to Test Your Argument 147 // 8.6 Challenging Others’ Warrants 149 // QUICK TIP: REASONS, EVIDENCE, AND WARRANTS 152 // 9 Acknowledgments and Responses 154 // 9.1 Questions About Your Research Problem 155 // 9.2 Questions About the Soundness of Your Argument 156 // 9.3 Imagining Alternatives to Your Argument 158 // 9.4 Deciding What to Acknowledge 159 // 9.5 Framing Your Responses as Sub-Arguments 161 // 9.6 The Vocabulary of Acknowledgment and Response 161 // QUICK TIP: THREE PREDICTABLE DISAGREEMENTS 166 // IV DELIVERING YOUR ARGUMENT // Prologue: Planning, Writing, and Thinking 171 // 10 Planning and Drafting 175 // 10.1 Why a Formal Paper? 175 // 10.2 Planning Your Paper 177 // 10.3 Avoiding Three Common but Flawed Patterns 184 //

10.4 Turning Your Plan into a Draft 185 // QUICK TIP: MANAGING ANXIETY AS A WRITER 188 // 11 Revising and Organizing 191 // 11.1 Thinking Like a Reader 192 // 11.2 Revising Your Frame 192 // 11.3 Revising Your Argument 193 // 11.4 Revising Your Organization 195 // 11.5 Checking Your Paragraphs 196 // 11.6 Letting Your Draft Cool, Then Revisiting It 197 // QUICK TIP: ABSTRACTS 198 // 12 Incorporating Sources 201 // 12.1 Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting 201 // 12.2 Creating a Fair Summary 202 // 12.3 Creating a Fair Paraphrase 203 // 12.4 Using Direct Quotations 204 // 12.5 Mixing Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation 205 // 12.6 Showing Readers How Evidence Is Relevant 206 // 12.7 The Social Importance of Citing Sources 206 // 12.8 Four Common Citation Styles 207 // 12.9 Guarding Against Inadvertent Plagiarism 209 // QUICK TIP: INDICATING CITATIONS IN YOUR PAPER 214 // 13 Communicating Evidence Visually 217 // 13.1 Choosing Visual or Verbal Representations 217 // 13.2 Choosing the Most Effective Graphic 218 // 13.3 Designing Tables, Charts, and Graphs 220 // 13.4 Specific Guidelines for Tables, Bar Charts, and Line Graphs 223 // 13.5 Representing Data Ethically 228 // QUICK TIP: LOOK FOR OPPORTUNITIES TO // INCLUDE VISUAL EVIDENCE 234 // 14 Introductions and Conclusions 235 // 14.1 The Common Structure of Introductions 235 // 14.2 Step 1: Stating a Context 238 // 14.3 Step 2: Stating Your Problem 240 // 14.4 Step 3: Stating Your Response 244 // 14.5 Setting the Right Pace 246 // 14.6 Finding Your First Few Words 247 // 14.7 Writing Your Conclusion 248 // QUICK TIP: USE KEY TERMS IN TITLES 251 // 15 Revising Style: Telling Your Story Clearly 252 // 15.1 Judging Style 252 // 15.2 The First Two Principles of Clear Writing 254 // IVIP // A Third Principle: Old Before New 262 // и choosing Between the Active and Passive Voice 264 // 15.4 Ullvvon //

15.5 Pinal Principle: Complexity Last 266 // 15.6 Editorial Polish 268 // QUICK TIP: THE QUICKEST REVISION STRATEGY 270 // 16 Research Presentations 272 // 16.1 Presenting to Auditors 272 // 16.2 Giving a Preliminary Presentation 275 // 16.3 Giving a Final Presentation 277 // QUICK TIP: TREAT YOUR PRESENTATION AS A PERFORMANCE 281 // V SOME LAST CONSIDERATIONS // 17 The Ethics of Research 285 // 17.1 Your Ethical Obligation to Yourself 285 // 17.2 Your Ethical Obligations to Your Audience and Fellow // Researchers 286 // 17.3 Research and Social Responsibility 289 // 17.4 A Final Thought 291 // 18 Advice for Teachers 292 // 18.1 The Risks of Imposing Formal Rules 293 // 18.2 On Assignment Scenarios: Creating a Ground for Curiosity 294 // 18.3 Accepting the Inevitable Messiness of Learning 296 // Our Debts 299 // Appendix: A Brief Guide to Bibliographic and Other Resources 301 // Index 307