Acknowledgments xi // Introduction: Eurasianism—Marginal or Mainstream // in Contemporary Russia? 1 // The Historical Roots of the Eurasianist Idea 2 // Neo-Eurasianism and Its Place in Post-Soviet Russia 4 // Neo-Eurasianist Doctrine and Russian Foreign Policy 7 // Marginal or Mainstream? 9 // Premises of This Study 12 // Plan of the Book 14 // 1 Early Eurasianism, 1920-1930 16 // The Life and Death of a Current of Thought 17 // A Philosophy of Politics 25 // A Geographic Ideology 31 // An Ambiguous Orientalism 40 // Conclusions 46 // 2 Lev Gumilev: A Theory of Ethnicity? 50 // From Dissidence to Public Endorsement: // An Atypical Biography 51 // ‘The Last Eurasianist”? 55 // Gumilev’s Episteme: Subjecting the Humanities to the Natural Sciences 60 // vii // Contents // viii // Theories of the Ethnos or Naturalistic Determinism 65 // The Complex History of the Eurasian Totality 70 // Xenophobia, Mixophobia, and Anti-Semitism 74 // Gumilev, Russian Nationalism, and Soviet Ethnology 77 // Conclusions 81 // 3 Aleksandr Panarin: Philosophy of History and the // Revival of Culturalism 83 // Is There a Unified Neo-Eurasianist Theory? 84 // From Liberalism to Conservatism: Panarin’s // Intellectual Biography 86 // “Civilizationism” and “Postmodernism” 89 // Rehabilitating Empire: “Civilizational” Pluralism and Ecumenical Theocracy 95 // Highlighting Russia’s “Internal East” 101 // Conclusions 105 // 4 Aleksandr Dugin: A Russian Version of the European Radical Right? 107 //
Dugin’s Social Trajectory and Its Significance 108 // A Russian Version of Antiglobalism: Dugin’s // Geopolitical Theories 115 // Traditionalism as the Foundation of Dugin’s Thought 120 // The Russian Proponent of the New Right? 126 // Fascism, Conservative Revolution, and National // Bolshevism 131 // A Veiled Anti-Semitism 135 // Ethno-Differentialism and the Idea of Russian Distinctiveness 138 // Conclusions 141 // 5 The View from “Within”: Non-Russian Neo-Eurasianism // and Islam 145 // The Emergence of Muslim Eurasianist Political Parties 146 // The Eurasianist Games of the Russian Muftiates 155 // Contents // ix // Tatarstan: The Pragmatic Eurasianism of Russia’s “Ethnic” Regions 162 // Conclusions 169 // 6 Neo-Eurasianism in Kazakhstan and Türkey 171 // Kazakhstan: Eurasianism in Power 171 // The Turkish Case: On the Confusion between Turkism, // Pan-Turkism, and Eurasianism 188 // Conclusion: The Evolution of the Eurasian(ist) Idea 202 // The Unity of Eurasianism 204 // Organicism at the Service of Authoritarianism: // “Revolution” or “Conservatism”? 209 // Nationalism: Veiled or Openly Espoused: // The Cultural Racism of Eurasianism 211 // Science, Political Movement, or Think Tank? 214 // Is Eurasianism Relevant to Explanations of Contemporary Geopolitical Change? 217 // Psychological Compensation or Part of a Global Phenomenon? 219 // Notes 223 // Bibliography 255 // Index 269