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EB

EB

ONLINE

2nd ed.

Oxford : Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2018

1 online zdroj (299 stran)

ISBN 9780191002632 (e-kniha)

ISBN 9780199688678 (print)

Print version: Ruxton, Graeme D. Avoiding Attack Oxford : Oxford University Press, Incorporated,c2018 ISBN 9780199688678

This book discusses the mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks, and how such mechanisms have evolved through natural selection..

002001761

Introduction 1 // Chapter summary 3 // The sequence of a predator-prey encounter and investment across // multiple defences 5 // 1 Background matching 9 // 1.1 Introduction, definition, mechanism, and chapter overview 9 // 1.2 Empirical evidence of background matching 10 // 1.3 The evolution of background matching 11 // 1.4 Co-evolutionary considerations 14 // 1.5 Ecological considerations 17 // 1.6 Unresolved issues and future challenges 23 // 2 Disruptive camouflage 24 // 2.1 Introduction and overview 24 // 2.2 Examples of disruptive camouflage 26 // 2.3 The multiple mechanisms of camouflage by disruption 28 // 2.4 Identifying and quantifying disruptive camouflage 33 // 2.5 The relationship between disruption and other forms of protective coloration 35 // 2.6 The ecology of disruption 36 // 2.7 Unresolved issues and future challenges 39 // 3 Countershading 41 // 3.1 What is countershading? 41 // 3.2 Examples and taxonomic distribution of countershading camouflage 43 // 3.3 Countershading camouflage mechanisms 45 // 3.4 Evolution 50 // 3.5 Costs of countershading and counterillumination camouflage 51 // 3.6 Developmental genetics of countershading 51 // 3.7 Theevolutionary ecology of countershading 52 // 3.8 Countering countershading and counterillumination adaptations 54 // 3.9 Unresolved issues and’future challenges 55 // 4 Transparency 57 // 4.1 Definition and introduction 57 // 4.2 The distribution of transparency across habitats 57 // 4.3 How transparency influences ease of detection 58 // 4.4 Evolutionary considerations 63 // 4.5 Ecological influences 68 // 4.6 Co-evolutionary considerations 70 // 4.7 Unresolved issues and future challenges 70 // 5 Secondary defences 72 // 5.1 Introduction and overview of the chapter 72 // 5.2 Evolution of secondary defence 72 // 5.3 Consequences of variation in costs of secondary defence 76 // 5.4 Ecology 78 //

5.5 Co-evolutionary considerations 80 // 5.6 Unresolved issues and future challenges 83 // 6 Aposematism 84 // 6.1 What is aposematism? 84 // 6.2 Characteristics of aposematic organisms 84 // 6.3 Evolution of aposematism 90 // 6.4 Maintenance of aposematic signalling 95 // 6.5 Ecology of aposematism 95 // 6.6 Co-evolution of aposematic signals and receiver psychology 102 // 6.7 Future work and conclusions 102 // 7 The evolution and maintenance of Müllerian mimicry 103 // 7.1 Introduction 103 // 7.2 Examples 104 // 7.3 Müller’s theory revisited 108 // 7.4 Evidence for Müller’s hypothesis 110 // 7.5 Questions and controversies 115 // 7.6 Overview 127 // 8 Advertising elusiveness 128 // 8.1 Introduction and definition 128 // 8.2 Empirical evidence of elusiveness signals 129 // 8.3 Evolution 138 // 8.4 Ecology 143 // 8.5 Co-evolutionary considerations 145 // 8.6 Unresolved issues and future challenges 146 // 9 Batesian mimicry and masquerade 148 // 9.1 Introduction and overview of the chapter 148 // 9.2 Examples of protective deceptive mimicry 150 // 9.3 The origin of protective mimicry: selection or shared ancestry? 152 // 9.4 The evolution of protective deceptive mimicry 153 // 9.5 Ecological and phylogenetic considerations 169 // 9.6 Associated phenomena in the evolution of Batesian mimicry and masquerade 171 // 9.7 Overview 1 yg // 10 Startling predators 179 // 10.1 What do we mean by startle? 179 // 10.2 Empirical evidence for the defence 1 go // 10.3 The evolution of startle defence 1g3 // 10.4 Ecological aspects of startle defences 1 ge // 10.5 Co-evolutionary considerations in startle defences 187 // 10.6 Unresolved issues and future challenges // 11 Deflecting the point of attack 189 // 11.1 Overview 1gg // 11.2 How deflecting traits work // 11.3 The taxonomic distribution of deflecting traits // 11.4 The evolution of deflective traits //

11.5 Ecology 202 // 11.6 Co-evolutionary considerations 202 // 11.7 Future challenges 203 // 12 Dazzle camouflage 205 // 12.1 Camouflage in motion? 205 // 12.2 Examples of dazzle 206 // 12.3 How does dazzle camouflage work? 210 // 12.4 The evolution of dazzle 215 // 12.5 The costs and benefits of dazzle 215 // 12.6 The ecology of dazzle 215 // 12.7 Future challenges in dazzle camouflage research 216 // 13 Thanatosis 219 // 13.1 Introduction and overview of the chapter 219 // 13.2 Distribution 219 // 13.3 Form: the mechanisms involved 221 // 13.4 Evolutionary function: a cost/benefit approach 224 // 13.5 Ecological considerations 225 // 13.6 Co-evolutionary considerations 227 // 13.7 Unresolved issues and future challenges 228 // Synthesis 229 // References 235 // Index 277

(MiAaPQ)EBC5649423

(Au-PeEL)EBL5649423

(OCoLC)1083522376