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0 (hodnocen0 x )

EB

EB

ONLINE

Third Edition

Banbury : Scion Publishing Limited, 2015

1 online zdroj (571 stran)

ISBN 9781907904738 (e-kniha)

ISBN 9781907904356 (print)

Print version: Cook, D. J. Cellular Pathology, Third Edition Banbury : Scion Publishing Limited,c2015 ISBN 9781907904356

Cellular Pathology 3e provides thorough coverage of all the key areas of histological and cytological techniques. It is written for students in biomedical sciences, or subjects allied to medicine, and provides key information on techniques with relevance to the diagnosis of disease and also for research in pathology..

002001769

Preface -- Preface to the second edition -- 1. The study of tissues and their diseases -- 1.1. What is cellular pathology? -- 1.2. Preparation of tissues -- The more preparative techniques we have, the better our understanding -- Preparing tissues alters them -- 1.3. Evolution of histology -- Demonstration techniques are now more selective and specific -- Histology is likely to change dramatically in the future -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested websites -- Self-assessment questions -- 2. General pathology -- 2.1. Inflammation -- Acute inflammation -- Chronic inflammation -- 2.2. Healing -- Skin wounds -- 2.3. Tissue growth abnormalities -- Atrophy -- Tissue overgrowth -- 2.4. Tumours -- Genes and malignancy -- Cysts -- Dangers of tumours -- Growth of tumours -- Grading and staging of malignancy -- Histological recognition of malignancy -- 2.5. Necrosis -- 2.6. Apoptosis -- 2.7. Ageing and senescence -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested websites -- Self-assessment questions -- 3. Fixation and fixatives -- 3.1. Tissue degeneration -- Types of tissue change -- 3.2. Fixation -- A perfect fixative needs several properties -- 3.3. Fixatives -- Commonly used fixatives -- Non-formalin aldehydes and fixatives -- 3.4. Practical fixative solutions -- Compound fixatives -- Sequential fixation -- The importance of correct fixation -- Reversal of fixation -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested website -- Self-assessment questions -- 4. Processing and microtomy -- 4.1. Examination, sampling and trimming of tissue -- Sample size and orientation -- 4.2. Paraffin wax impregnation -- Tissues need support to allow sections to be cut -- Processing tissues to wax with a single reagent -- Replacement of tissue water with wax using two intermediate steps -- Choice of dehydration agent --

Ensuring complete dehydration -- Clearing -- Impregnation with molten wax -- Removal of clearing agents -- Blocking out of tissues -- 4.3. Hand versus automatic processing -- Hand processing -- Automated processing -- 4.4. Decalcification -- Decalcification with acid solutions -- Chelating agents as non-acidic decalcifying solutions -- Acceleration of decalcification -- Decalcification in fixatives -- Accurate determination of the end point of decalcification -- Washing -- Surface decalcification -- 4.5. Microtomy -- Microtome types -- Microtome knives -- Cutting the section -- Floating and mounting -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested website -- Self-assessment questions -- 5. Other embedding techniques -- 5.1. Plastic or resin embedding -- Methacrylates -- Epoxy resins -- 5.2. Alternative waxes -- Water-soluble waxes -- Ester and polyester wax -- Celloidin and low-viscosity nitrocellulose -- Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 6. Cryotechniques -- 6.1. Cryotomy -- Freezing and tissue damage -- 6.2. Methods of cooling tissues for sectioning -- Slow freezing methods -- Rapid freezing methods -- Cutting sections using a freezing microtome -- Cryostats -- Impregnation techniques -- Freeze-drying -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested website -- Self-assessment questions -- 7. Staining theory -- 7.1. Staining mechanisms -- Ionic bonding -- Hydrogen bonding -- Van der Waals forces -- Covalent bonds -- Hydrophobic interactions -- 7.2. Dye structure -- Chromophores -- Auxochromes -- Use of common dye names -- 7.3. Non-dye constituents of staining solutions -- Mordants -- Trapping agents -- Accentuators and accelerators -- 7.4. Metachromatic dyes and metachromasia -- Mechanism of colour shift in metachromasia -- 7.5. Examples of important dyes and their uses in histology stains -- Nuclear stains -- Cytoplasmic stains.

Connective tissue methods -- Dyes and quality control -- 7.6. Silver impregnation -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Use of silver -- Silver solutions -- Background deposits -- Silver techniques -- 7.7. General treatment of sections during staining -- Section rehydration -- Automated staining -- 7.8. Section mounting -- Use of coverslips -- Mounting media -- Storage of slides -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested websites -- Self-assessment questions -- 8. Histochemistry: general considerations and the histochemistry of carbohydrates and lipids -- 8.1. Limitations of histochemistry -- 8.2. Use of controls in histochemistry -- Positive controls -- Negative controls -- Control results -- Controls can be of various types -- 8.3. Use of histochemical investigations -- Histochemical tests as simple staining methods -- Staining techniques in conjunction with histochemical investigations -- Whether and how to fix -- 8.4. Carbohydrates -- The PAS reaction -- Specific carbohydrates found in tissues -- Many PAS-positive substances are protein-sugar combinations -- 8.5. Mucins -- Histological classification of mucins -- Identification of mucins -- 8.6. Fats and lipids -- Types of fats and lipids -- Section preparation for lipids -- Neutral lipids -- Phospholipids -- Steroids: cholesterol -- Free fatty acids -- Phosphatidyl ethanolamine-based lipids (plasmalogens) -- Unsaturated lipids -- Glycolipids -- Extraction techniques as controls and for identification -- Suggested further reading -- Suggested websites -- Self-assessment questions -- 9. Histochemistry of nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes -- 9.1. Nucleic acids -- DNA and RNA -- Staining techniques -- 9.2. Proteins -- General protein stains -- Digestion techniques -- Selective protein techniques -- Specific amino acid techniques -- Immunological techniques -- Specific action of the protein --

9.3. Enzymes -- Tissue preparation for enzyme techniques -- Enzyme demonstration techniques -- Hydrolytic enzymes -- Oxidoreductase enzymes -- Examples of the use of redox and hydrolytic enzymes -- Quantitation of enzyme activity -- Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 10. Histochemistry of pigments, neuroendocrine amines and minerals -- 10.1. Pigments -- Artefact pigments -- Exogenous pigments -- Endogenous pigments -- 10.2. Neuroendocrine granules -- Staining techniques for neuropeptides -- Demonstrating neuroendocrine amines -- 10.3. Metals and their compounds -- Elemental metals -- Soluble metal salts -- Insoluble metal salts -- Organically bound metals and their unmasking -- Spot test sensitivity and contamination -- Calcium -- Magnesium -- Iron -- Copper -- Lead -- Aluminium -- Other heavy metals -- 10.4. Ion-selective dyes -- Ion-selective dyes can be used to monitor metabolism in living cells -- Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 11. Infective agents and amyloid -- 11.1. Identification of causative organisms -- 11.2. Types of micro-organism -- Viral infections -- Bacterial infections -- Fungal infections -- Parasitic infections -- Prion diseases -- 11.3. Amyloid -- Composition and structure of amyloid -- Distribution of amyloid -- Staining -- Infectivity of amyloidosis -- Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 12. Immunological techniques -- 12.1. Use of antibodies as histological reagents -- Antibody production -- Fluorescent antibody techniques -- Immunohistochemistry -- Avidin-biotin methods -- Immunogold labelling -- Polymer-conjugated systems (EPOS and EnVision patented systems) -- Antigen retrieval methods -- 12.2. Labelling of other proteins -- Lectin histochemistry -- Protein A -- Specific receptors -- 12.3. Applications of immunohistochemistry -- Research -- Diagnostics --

Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 13. Gynaecological cytopathology -- 13.1. Advantages and disadvantages of exfoliative cytology -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- 13.2. Gynaecological smears -- The main use of exfoliative cytology is for gynaecological screening -- Types of gynaecological sample -- Smear fixation -- Staining methods -- Liquid-based gynaecological cytology -- Normal gynaecological smear constituents -- Normal changes in gynaecological smears -- Cytology of the menstrual cycle -- Hormonal assessment of smears -- Lifetime alterations -- Inflammatory changes in smears -- Malignancy -- Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 14. Non-gynaecological cytopathology -- 14.1. Preparation techniques using fluid samples -- Fluid samples -- Thick fluid samples -- Cell blocks -- 14.2. Urinary cytology -- Urine collection -- Preparation of urine samples -- Pathology of the urinary tract -- 14.3. Respiratory tract cytology -- Specimen collection -- Sputum samples -- Bronchoscopy samples -- Pathology of the respiratory tract -- 14.4. Aspirated effusion samples -- Sampling -- Diseases causing serous effusions -- Pathology of serous membranes -- 14.5. Fine needle aspirates -- Gastrointestinal tract cytology -- Cerebrospinal fluid -- Bone marrow aspirates (and core) -- Suggested further reading -- Self-assessment questions -- 15. Cytogenetics -- 15.1. Cytogenetics and chromosome studies -- Chromosomal abnormalities -- Preparation of chromosomes for karyotyping -- Collection of cells -- Growth of cells in culture -- Requirements for cell growth -- Preparation of stained smears -- 15.2. The effects of abnormal chromosome number -- Euploid variation -- Autosomal aneuploid variation -- Sex chromosome aneuploidy -- Structural abnormalities of chromosomes -- Mosaicism -- Suggested further reading.

(MiAaPQ)EBC7264257

(Au-PeEL)EBL7264257

(OCoLC)1385454942