.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

EB

ONLINE

First edition

1 online resource (xxiii, 446 pages) : illustrations

ISBN 9789004508613 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9789004508606 (print)

World Trade Institute Advanced Studies ; Volume 8

Print version: Schali, Judith. Mitigation of Marine Plastic Pollution in International Law : Facts, Policy and Legal Implications. First edition. Leiden, The Netherlands : Brill Nijhoff, c2022 xxiii, 446 pages World Trade Institute advanced studies ; Volume 8. ISBN 9789004508606

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Plastics and the marine environment -- The protection of the marine environment from land-based sources of plastic pollution in international law.

002004265

full

Acknowledgements ix // List of Figures and Tables xi // Abbreviations XIII // Table of Cases xix // Table of International Law Instruments XXIII // Introduction 1 // 1 Plastics and the Marine Environment 9 // About Plastic Materials 9 // The Nature of Plastics 9 // Terms and Definitions 9 // Additives 22 // Economic and Social Considerations 28 // The End of Life of Plastic Materials 32 // Degradation of Plastic Materials 32 // Degradation, Biodegradation and Composting 33 // Degradation Process of Plastic Materials 36 // Degradation of Plastics in Marine Environments 39 // Biodegradability Standards and Labels 40 // Plastic Wastes 43 // 1) Waste Generation 44 // 2) Costs and Impacts of Waste and Disposal 58 // Life-cycle Analysis and Impact Assessments 64 // The iso Standard Series on LCA 66 // The Life Cycle Initiative 67 // LCAs and Plastics 69 // Plastic Pollution in the Seas 75 // A // Abundance and Spatial Distribution 78 // Floating Plastic Debris 79 // Plastic Debris in Beaches 85 // Plastic Debris on the Seabed 87 // Composition of Marine Plastic Debris 89 // Main Pollution Sources 90 // Impacts of Marine Plastic Pollution 93 // i Impact on the Marine Environment and Marine Biodiversity 93 // ii Economic and Social Impacts 99 // 3 Summary and Interim Conclusions 103 // 2 The Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Sources of // Plastic Pollution in International Law 107 // 1 The Global Framework 108 // A // Global Policy, Principles and Concepts 110 // The Global Policy Framework 110 // UN Environment’s Role in Policy Formulation and Regulation with Regard to Land-based Sources of // Marine Pollution 110 // The 1992 Rio Conference 113 // The 1995 Washington Conference and the gpa 116 // The 2011 Honolulu Strategy: Plastics Coming into Focus 122 // Plastic Marine Debris as a Raising Concern in Formal UN Processes 125 //

ii Relevant Principles and Concepts 134 // 1) Sustainable Development 134 // 2) The Polluter Pays Principle 138 // Conclusion of Section A 142 // The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 143 // Maritime Zones 148 // 1) Areas under National Jurisdiction 150 // 2) Areas beyond Nationaljurisdiction 153 // unclos Part XII: The Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment 158 // Definition of Marine Pollution 159 // General Obligations under UNCLOS Partxii 161 // Specific Obligations and Their Relevance to Plastics 178 // Compliance and Enforcement: The Challenges of Plastics 212 // 1) The Legal Framework 212 // 2) The Challenge of Plastics 216 // 3) unclos Dispute Settlement 227 // C // Conclusion of Section B 234 // The Law of the World Trade Organization 240 // i The WTO in a Nutshell 244 // ii Core Principles and Agreements 247 // The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 248 // The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade 260 // The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures 262 // General Remarks Regarding the Relationship between unclos Part XII and wto Law 263 // The Role of wto Law with Regard to Domestic Implementation, Cooperation and Unilateral Enforcement 267 // Conclusion of Section C 271 // Multilateral Environmental Agreements Relevant to Marine Plastic Pollution Mitigation 272 // The Protection and Preservation of Marine Species and Ecosystems 273 // The Convention on Biological Diversity 273 // Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species /of Wild Animals 276 // Other Biodiversity-related Conventions 277 // Waste Management and the Regulation of Wastes and Hazardous Chemicals 279 // 1) The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their // Disposal 280 // 2) The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants 285 // International Watercourses 288 //

Prevention and Mitigation of Plastic Pollution from Seabased Sources 290 // Climate Change Mitigation 291 // Conclusion of Section D 292 // 2 Regional Schemes 293 // A // Overview on the Regional Schemes 295 // The Regional Seas Family 295 // The Legal and Non-legal Frameworks 309 // The Regional Conventions 309 // Legal Instruments on Land-based Sources of Pollution 313 // Specific Examples 320 // В // Strengths and Deficiencies 335 // i General Effectiveness and Coverage of the Regional // Programmes 336 // ii Pollution Prevention Standards and Environmental // Management 338 // iii Institutional Considerations, Reporting and Compliance 340 // iv Means of Implementation 340 // C Evaluation: Can Regional Programmes Close the Gaps? 343 // 3 Implementation at the Subregional and National Levels 351 // A A Typology of Implementing Strategies and Measures 352 // i General Overview 352 // ii Implementation at the Subregional Level: The Case of the European Union 354 // B Consistency with WTO Law 365 // i Plastics and Trade 365 // ii Bans, Taxes and Levies 367 // iii Packaging Regulations and Other Technical Barriers to Trade 369 // C Evaluation: Implementation and the Role of Trade Law 373 // Conclusion and Outlook 378 // 1 Challenges Related to Plastic Materials, Social Behaviour and Economic Capacities 379 // 2 Legal Framework and Regulatory Challenges 381 // A Implementation and Enforcement 381 // B Regulatory Lacunae 383 // C Coherence 385 // 3 Successes and Way Forward 387 // Bibliography 393 // Index 444

(Au-PeEL)EBL31218020

(MiAaPQ)EBC31218020

(OCoLC)1331778539