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Athens, Ohio : Cisterican Publications ; Collegeville, Minnesota : Liturgical Press, [2016]

xvii, 444 stran : ilustrace, 1 mapa ; 22 cm

ISBN 978-0-87907-263-6 (brožováno)

Cistercian studies series ; number 263

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Contents // Foreword by Giles Constable xi Preface xiii List of Abbreviations xv Translator’s Note xvii // 1. The Beginnings 1 // Retreat from the World 1 // The Establishment of Monastic Communities 7 // The First Monasteries in Europe 13 // 2. The Benedictine Rule and Its Longevity 24 // Benedict as “Textual Trace” 24 The Rule of Saint Benedict 29 The Career of Benedict and His Rule 34 The Second Benedict and the Reform of the Frankish Monasteries 38 // 3. The Flowering of the Benedictines 50 // A New Beginning in Lotharingia 50 // Cluny: The Establishment of Monastic Liberty 54 // The “Cluniac Church”: A Congregation of Monasteries // Ordo Cluniacensis 67 // Church for the World 72 // Monastic Life in Service of King and Nobility, // Pope and Bishop 80 // 4. Return to the Desert 89 // The New Hermits 89 // viii The World of Medieval Monasticism // To Live by One’s Own Law 94 // Charismatic Preaching and Religious Movements 109 // A Return to the Institutions of the Church 120 // 5. The Regular Canons: The Clergy’s New Self-Understanding 125 // 6. The Cistercians: Collegiality Instead of Hierarchy 136 // Robert’s Path from Molesme to Citeaux and Back 136 The Measure of the Pure Rule 141 // The Charter of Charity and the Invention of the “Order” 146 // 7. The Success of the Cistercian Model 158 // From the Premonstratensians to the Gilbertines and the Carthusians 158 // Cluny, Knights, and Hospitals: The Reform of Older Congregations and the Creation of New “Functional” Orders 166 //

8. Diversity and Competition 180 // 9. New Concepts of Belief 186 // The Search for Religious Identity 186 Beguines and Humiliati: A New Lay Piety 193 “Holy Preachers” and “Lesser Brothers” 200 // 10. The Franciscans: A Mendicant Order with the Whole World // as Its Monastery 206 // Francis of Assisi and His Community 206 The Legacy of Francis 216 Clare of Assisi 225 // 11. The Dominicans: Holy Preaching and Pastoral Care 232 // Dominic and the Building of a New Order 232 Rationality and Constitution in the Service of the Salvation of Souls 239 // 12. Transformations of Eremitical Life 249 // The Carmelites: From the Mountain into the Cities 250 PP The Augustinián Hermits 256 // 13. A New Chapter in the Story of the Vita Religiosa 263 // The Three Ages of Salvation History 263 // Eremitical Congregations and the Work of Peter of Morrone 267 // Devotio Moderna 276 // The Revelations of Birgitta 280 // 14. Mendicant Orders in Conflict: Struggles over Poverty // and Observance 286 // 15. Reformers and Reforms at the End of the Middle Ages 298 // Reform from Above: Pope Benedict XII 298 Reform from Below: The Rise of the Observants 306 // 16. A Look Back 313 // 17. Fundamental Structures of the Vita Religiosa // in the Middle Ages 316 // The Individual and the Community 318 The Monastery and the Law 332 // Institutional Forms: Establishment and Preservation 342 Constructing Particular Pasts 349 Cloister and World 353 Temporalia 359 // On the Search for God toward Knowledge of the World 364 // Chronology 373 Map 382 Bibliography 384 Image Credits 432 Index of People and Places 433 // Index of Monasteries, Congregations, and Orders 440