Preface // To the student 10 // To the teacher 11 // Symbols 15 // Note on phonetic symbols 17 // Part One Varieties of English 1-30 19 // Part Two Intonation 31-43 33 // Part Three Grammar in use 44-451 41 // Section A Concepts 44-243 43 // Referring to objects, substances and materials 44-53 43 // Abstractions 54-56 46 // Amount or quantity 57-68 48 // Definite and indefinite meaning 69-90 52 // Relations between ideas expressed by nouns 91-98 59 // Restrictive and non-restrictive meaning 99-102 62 // Time, tense and aspect 103-139 63 // Time-when 140-150 76 // Duration 151-156 79 // Frequency 157-160 81 // Place, direction and distance 161-191 82 // Manner, means and instrument 192-196 91 // Cause, reason and purpose 197-207 93 // Condition and contrast 208-216 96 // Degree 217-226 99 // Role, standard and viewpoint 227-228 103 // Comparison 229-237 104 // Addition, exception and restriction 238-242 107 // Subject matter : about and on 243 109 // 8 Contents // Section Page // Section ? Information, reality and belief Statements, questions and responses Omission of information Reported statements and questions Denial and affirmation Agreement and disagreement Fact, hypothesis and neutrality Degrees of likelihood Attitudes to truth // Section C Mood, emotion and attitude 307-365 134 // Emotive emphasis in speech 308-320 134J // Describing emotions 321-333 137 // Volition 334-339 141 // Permission and obligation 340-344 143 // Influencing people 345-356 145 // Friendly communications 357-363 151 // Vocatives 364-365 155 // Section D Meanings in connected discourse 366-451 156 // Linking signals 367-374 156 // Linking constructions 375-385 158 // ’General purpose’ links 386-389 160 // Substitution and omission 390-409 162 // Presenting and focusing information 410-424 169 // Order and emphasis 425-451 175 // Part Four Grammatical Compendium 452-886 187 // Adjective patterns 452-455 189 //