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0 (hodnocen0 x )

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BK

2nd ed.

Champaign : Human Kinetics, 2005

xii, 522 s. : il., grafy ; 29 cm

ISBN 0-7360-4655-0 (váz.)

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 415-502. rejstřík

000026186

Contents // Preface x Contributors xi // Part I THE SCIENCE OF // BODY COMPOSITION RESEARCH 1 // chapter 1 Study of Body Composition: An Overview 3 // Wei Shen, Marie-Pierre St-Onger ZiMian Wang, and Steven B. Heymsfield // History 4 // Body Composition Rules and Models 11 Future Directions 13 // Part ? BODY COMPOSITION // MEASUREMENT METHODS 15 // Chapter 2 Hydrodensitometry and Air Displacement // Plethysmography 17 // Scott B. Going // Body Composition Models 17 // Estimation of Body Volume by Underwater Weighing 19 Recommended Procedures for Hydrodensitometry 26 Air Displacement Plethysmography 26 Summary 33 // Chapter 3 Hydrometry 35 // Dale A. Schoeller // Total Body Water 35 // Intracellular Water and Extracellular Water 46 Summary 49 // Chapter 4 Whole-Body Counting and Neutron // Activation Analysis 51 // Kenneth J. Ellis // Whole-Body Counting 51 Neutron Activation Analysis 57 // iii // Contents // Chapter 5 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry // Timothy G. Lohman and Zhao Chen // History and Development of DXA 63 Assumptions of DXA and Their Validity 64 Applicability of DXA 65 Equipment: Hardware 66 Equipment: Software 67 Measurement Procedures 69 Calibration Procedures 69 // Precision of Total and Regional Composition Estimates 70 Accuracy of DXA for the Measurement of Fatness 70 Accuracy of DXA Regional Body Composition Assessments 74 Estimating Body Composition Changes 74 // Hydration Status As a Confounder in DXA Body Composition Estimates 75 // Application of DXA

to Pediatric Populations 75 // DXA Use in Multicomponent Models 76 // Steps Toward Standardization of DXA 76 // Recommended Procedure for DXA Measurements 77 // Summary 77 // Chapter 6 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis // Wm. Cameron Chumlea and Shumei S. Sun // Physical Electrical Properties 79 Bioelectrical Properties 80 Measuring Impedance 81 Impedance History 81 // Single- and Multiple-Frequency Impedance 83 Impedance and Body Composition 86 Changes in Body Composition 86 Segmental Bioelectrical Impedance 87 Impedance and Blood Chemistry 87 Summary 87 // Chapter 7 Computed Tomography // and Magnetic Resonance Imaging // Robert Ross and Ian Janssen // CT Image Acquisition 89 // MRI Image Acquisition 89 // CT Image Analysis 91 // MRI Image Analysis 91 // Determination of Tissue Volume 92 // CT Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality 93 // CT Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality 94 // Contents // MRI Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tissue Quality 94 MRI Measurement of Liver Tissue Quality 95 Validity of Tissue Quantity by CT 95 Validity of Tissue Quantity by MRI 95 Comparison of CT and MRI 96 // Applications of CT and MRI on Tissue Quantity and Quality 100 Future Directions 106 // Potential of CT and MRI in Large-Scale Studies . 108 Summary 108 // Chapter 8 Anthropometry and Ultrasound // Anna Bellisari and Alex F. Roche // Anthropometry 109 Ultrasound 122 Summary 127 // Chapter 9 Pediatric Body Composition Methods // Aviva Sopher, Wei Shen, and Angelo Pietrobelli // Multicomponent

Models 130 // Hydrodensitometry 130 // Air Displacement Plethysmography 131 // Dilution Methods 133 // Whole-Body Counting 133 // Electrical Methods 134 // Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry 134 // Imaging Methods 136 // Anthropometry 136 // Summary 139 // Chapter 10 Animal Body Composition Methods // Maria S. Johnson and Tim R. Nagy // Carcass Analysis 141 // Total Body Electrical Conductivity (TOBEC) 143 Total Body Water by Isotope Dilution 145 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) 146 Computed Tomography (CT) 147 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) 148 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 149 Summary 150 // Chapter 11 Statistical Methods // Shumei S. Sun and Wm. Cameron Chumlea // Accuracy of Predictive Equations 151 Validity of the Response Variable 152 // vi // Contents // Precision of the Predictor Variables 152 // Relationships Between Predictor Variables and Response Variables 152 // Statistical Methods 153 // Size and Nature of the Sample 155 // Published Predictive Equations 156 // Summary 159 // Part HI BODY COMPOSmON MODELS AND COMPONENTS // Chapter 12 Multicomponent Molecular-Level Models of Body Composition Analysis // ZiMian Wang, Wei Shen, Robert T. Withers, and Steven B. Heymsfield // General Concepts of Molecular-Level Body Composition Methods 163 Three-, Four-, and Six-Component Hydrodensitometry Methods 165 Four- and Six-Component Neutron Activation Methods 170 Six-Component Total Body Carbon Method 173 Multicomponent Total Body Protein Method 174 Summary 175

// Chapter 13 Measuring Adiposity and Fat Distribution in Relation to Health // Luis B. Sardinha and Pedro J. Teixeira // Total Body Fatness 177 Fat Distribution 189 Summary 201 // Chapter 14 Assessing Muscle Mass // Henry C. Lukaski // Anthropometric Indicators of Muscle Mass 203 Muscle Metabolites 206 Radiographic Methods 209 Nuclear Techniques 213 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis 215 High-Frequency Energy Absorption (HFEA) 217 Summary 217 // Chapter 15 Body Composition, Organ Mass, and Resting Energy Expenditure // Dympna Gallagher and Marinos Elia // Measurement of REE 220 // Quantifying Specific Organ and Tissue Masses 220 // Contents // Specific Metabolie Rates of Organs and Tissues 228 Modeling REE 228 // REE and Organ Metabolic Rates During the Life Span 229 REE: Race and Ethnicity 235 REE in Disease 236 // Ongoing Efforts in the Measurement of Tissue-Specific Metabolic Rates 238 Summary 239 // Part IV BODY COMPOSITION // AND BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES // Chapter 16 Genetic Influences on Human Body Composition // Peter Katzmarzyk and Claude Bouchard // Basic Concepts 243 Methods 244 // Genetics and Body Fat Content 247 Genetics and Fat Topography 251 Genetic Pleiotropy and Body Fat Phenotypes 254 Genetics and Skeletal Muscle Phenotypes 255 Summary 257 // Chapter 17 Age // Richard N. Baumgartner // Fat Mass 260 Fat Distribution 261 Fat-Free Mass 263 Summary 268 // Chapter 18 Variation in Body Composition // Associated With Sex and Ethnicity // Robert M. Malina // Reference Values

272 Total Body Composition 276 Adipose Tissue Distribution 284 Bone As a Component of Body Composition 289 Skeletal Muscle 294 Summary 297 // Chapter 19 Pregnancy // Sally Ann Lederman // Why Measure Pregnancy Body Composition? 299 Measuring Body Composition Changes During Pregnancy 300 Advances of the Field 301 // vili // Contents // Chapter 20 Exercise 313 // Daniel P. Williams, Pedro J. Teixeira, and Scott B. Going // Body Weight 314 Whole-Body Fat 315 Visceral Adipose Tissue 323 // Fat-Free Mass, Lean Soft Tissue, and Skeletal Muscle 324 Bone 326 Summary 330 // Chapter 21 Hormonal Influences on Human Body Composition 331 // Marie-Pierre St-Onge and Per Bjorntorp // Hormonal Effects Through the Life Cycle 331 Effects of Glucocorticoids 334 Interactions Between Hormones 337 Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Hormones 337 Regulation of Energy Exchange 339 Summary 339 // Part V BODY COMPOSmON // AND PATHOLOGICAL STATES 341 // chapter 22 Morbidity and Mortality Associations 343 // Jacob C. Seidell // Anthropometric Measures in Relation to Morbidity and Mortality: // Methodological Issues 343 Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Mortality 344 Body Composition and Aging: Implications for Morbidity and Mortality 347 Effect of Age on the Association Between Weight Change and Health 349 Effect of Age on the Association Between Fat Distribution and Health 349 Summary 350 // Chapter 23 Body Composition and Cancer 351 // Zhao Chen // Body Composition and Cancer Risk 351 Body Composition and

Cancer Treatment 358 Cancer-Related Wasting 362 // Other Applications of Body Composition Assessments in Cancer Research 362 Summary 363 // Chapter 24 Obesity and Diabetes: Body Composition // Determinants of Insulin Resistance 365 // Bret H. Goodpaster and David E. Kelley // Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity 365 Fat-Free Mass and IR in Type 2 DM and Obesity 366 // Contents // ix // Abdominal Adiposity: Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Type 2 DM 367 // Lower-Extremity Adipose Tissue 370 // Skeletal Muscle Fat Content 370 // Hepatic Steatosis and IR in Obesity and Type 2 DM 373 // Effects of Weight Loss on Body Composition and IR 374 // Summary 375 // Chapter 25 Body Composition Studies in People With HIV 377 // Donald P. Kotier and Ellen S. Engelson // Early Studies (1981-1983) 377 // Body Composition Assessment 378 // Cross-Sectional Studies 378 // Studies of Pathogenic Mechanisms 379 // Nutritional Status and Clinical Outcomes 380 // Longitudinal Studies 381 // Studies of Nutritional Therapies 382 // HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy 385 // Pseudotruncal Obesity 386 // Treatment of Fat Redistribution 386 // Switch Studies 386 // Summary 387 // Chapter 26 Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition 389 // Ian Janssen and Ronenn Roubenoff // Influence of Metabolic Imbalances on Body Composition 389 Influence of Immune Mediators on Metabolism 389 // Usefulness of Body Composition As a Measure of Chronic Disease Status 390 Inflammatory Diseases

and Body Composition in Adults 390 Inflammatory Diseases and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents 397 Summary 400 // Appendix: Reference Body Composition Tables 401 Abbreviations 411 References 415 Index 503 // About the Editors 523