.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(4) Půjčeno:4x 

BK

1st pub.

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1991

xix, 363 s. : il. ; 23 cm

ISBN 0-521-33845-X (brož.)

Cambridge textbooks in linguistics

Popsáno podle dotisku, vydaného v roce 1999

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 324-351, rejstřík

000028925

List of figures page xiii // List of tables xv // Preface xvii // List of abbreviations xix // 1 INTRODUCTION I // 1.1 Gender in the languages of the world 1 // 1.2 General approach and outline of the book 2 // 1.3 Presentation of data 6 // 2 GENDER ASSIGNMENT I! SEMANTIC SYSTEMS 7 // 2.1 Strict semantic systems 8 // 2.1.1 Tamil and other Dravidian languages 8 // 2.1.2 Other strict semantic systems 11 // 2.2 Predominantly semantic systems 13 // 2.2.1 Zande 14 // 2.2.2 Dyirbal 15 // 2.2.3 Ket 19 // 2.2.4 Ojibwa and other Algonquian languages 20 // 2.2.5 Lak and other Caucasian languages 24 // 2.2.6 Other partially semantic systems 29 // 2.3 The criteria on which semantic systems are based 30 // 2.4 Conclusion 32 // 3 GENDER ASSIGNMENT II : FORMAL SYSTEMS 33 // 3.1 Morphological systems 34 // 3.1.1 Russian 34 // 3.1.2 Swahili and other Bantu languages 43 // 3.1.3 The features on which morphological systems are based 49 // 3.2 Phonological systems 51 // IX // Contents // 3.2.1 Qafar 51 // 3.2.2 Hausa 52 // 3.2.3 Godie and other Kru languages 53 // 3.2.4 Yimas 55 // 3.2.5 French 57 // 3.2.6 The features on which phonological systems are based 62 // 3.3 General characteristics of assignment systems 62 // 3.3.1 Overt and covert gender 62 // 3.3.2 Overlapping of assignment criteria 63 // 3.3.3 Problematic nouns 66 // 3.4 Conclusion 68 // 4 THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC STATUS OF GENDER ASSIGNMENT 70 // 4.1 Borrowings 70 // 4.1.1 Assignment of borrowings by normal rules 71 // 4.1.2 Claims for special assignment rules 75 // 4.2 Child language acquisition 82 // 4.3 Experimental evidence 89 // 4.4 Residual meaning of gender 92 // 4.5 Diachronic evidence 97 // 4.6 Conclusion 104 // 5 GENDER AGREEMENT 105 // 5.1 Elements showing gender agreement 106 // 5.2 The form of gender agreement 115 // 5.2.1 The morphology of gender agreement 115 // 5.2.2 Alliterative concord 117 //

5.2.3 A complex example : Khinalug 119 // 5.3 Limits on gender agreement 123 // 5.3.1 Syntactic restrictions 124 // 5.3.2 Interaction with tense 125 // 5.3.3 Interaction with person 126 // 5.3.4 Interaction with number 132 // 5.3.5 Interaction with case 132 // 5.3.6 Morphological class 133 // 5.3.7 Phonological constraints 134 // 5.3.8 Lexical restrictions 134 // 5.4 Lack of agreement: classifiers 136 // 5.5 The gaining and losing of gender agreement 137 // 5.6 Conclusion 143 // x // Contents // 6 ESTABLISHING THE NUMBER OF GENDERS 145 // 6.1 Terms 146 // 6.2 Agreement classes 147 // 6.3 Controller genders and target genders 150 // 6.3.1 The relation of gender and number 154 // 6.3.2 Relation to semantics 158 // 6.3.3 The relation of controller genders to target genders 159 // 6.4 The maximalist problem 161 // 6.4.1 Subgenders 161 // 6.4.2 Overdifferentiated targets and pronominal gender // systems 168 // 6.4.3 Inquorate genders 170 // 6.4.4 Defective nouns 175 // 6.4.5 Consistent agreement patterns 176 // 6.4.6 Combined gender systems 184 // 6.5 Conclusion 188 // 7 TARGET genders: syncretism and enforced gender // FORMS 189 // 7.1 Gender and number 189 // 7.1.1 Syncretism: further examples of convergent and crossed // systems 190 // 7.1.2 Types of syncretism 194 // 7.1.3 Diachronic implications 198 // 7.2 Neutral agreement // 7.2.1 The problem 204 // 7.2.2 Strategy 1 : the use of a regular gender/number form 205 // 7.2.3 Strategy 2: the use of a unique neutral agreement form 214 // 7.2.4 Extension of use of neutral agreement forms 216 // 7.2.5 Neutral agreement: summing up 217 // 7.3 Gender agreement with noun phrases involving // reference problems 218 // 7.3.1 Use of one possible form by convention 219 // 7.3.2 Use of an ‘evasive’ form 221 // 7.3.3 Use of a special form 223 // 7.3.4 No strategy 223 // 7.4 Conclusion 223 //

8 HYBRID NOUNS AND THE AGREEMENT HIERARCHY 225 // 8.1 The Agreement Hierarchy 225 // 8.1.1 Data 226 // 8.1.2 Wider considerations 236 // 8.2 Personal pronouns 241 // 8.3 Diachrony 248 // 8.4 Conclusion 259 // 9 GENDER RESOLUTION RULES 261 // 9.1 Features requiring resolution 262 // 9.1.1 Person resolution 262 // 9.1.2 Number resolution 263 // 9.1.3 Gender resolution 264 // 9.2 The application of resolution rules 264 // 9.2.1 Agreement with one conjunct 265 // 9.2.2 Factors favouring resolution 267 // 9.3 Semantic gender resolution 269 // 9.4 Syntactic gender resolution 279 // 9.5 Mixed semantic and syntactic gender resolution 284 // 9.6 Strategies for gender resolution 290 // 9.6.1 Markedness: an inadequate motivation 290 // 9.6.2 Semantic justification and clear marking of plurality 293 // 9.7 Diachrony 299 // 9.8 Conclusion 306 // 10 GENERALIZATIONS AND PROSPECTS 307 // 10.1 Meaning and form 307 // 10.1.1 A perspective on gender systems 307 // 10.1.2 Earlier research on gender 308 // 10.2 Diachrony 310 // 10.2.1 The rise of gender systems 310 // 10.2.2 The development of gender systems 312 // 10.2.3 The decline of gender systems 315 // 10.3 Prospects 318 // 10.3.1 Descriptive studies 319 // 10.3.2 The function of gender 320 // 10.3.3 Collaborative work 323 // References 324 // Author index 352 // Language index 357 // Subject index 361