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0 (hodnocen0 x )

(7) Půjčeno:14x 

BK

Cambridge : Cambridge University, 1995

ISBN 0-521-33603-1

Dotisk v roce 1995

000031120

Rekat.

Preface XIII // 1 Speech sounds and their production 1 // 1.1 Organs and processes 1 // 1.1.1 The initiation process 1 // 1.1.2 The phonation process 2 // 1.1.3 The ???-nasal process 3 // 1.1.4 The articulation process 6 // 1.2 Articulation in detail 7 // 1.2.1 Consonants: places of articulation 9 // 1.2.2 Vowels 12 // 1.2.3 Manners of articulation 18 // 1.2.4 Approximants in detail: vowels revisited 22 // 1.3 Conclusion 26 // Suggested reading to chapter 1 27 // 2 Towards a sound system for English: consonant phonemes 29 // 2.1 Phonetics and phonology, or how many speech sounds // does English have? 29 // 2.2 Phones, phonemes and allophones 31 // 2.3 The consonant phonemes of English 33 // 2.3.1 The basic inventory 33 // 2.3.2 Some regional modifications 36 // 2.3.3 Phonemic transcription and information 37 // 2.3.4 The phonetic content of phonemes 39 // Suggested reading to chapter 2 42 // 3 Some vowel systems of English 43 // 3.1 A choice of reference accents 43 // 3.2 Three inventories // 3.2.1 The Southern British Standard vowel phonemes // Č č // 3.2.2 The vowel phonemes of Scottish Standard English 45 // 3.2.3 The vowel phonemes of General American 47 // 3.3 Three basic vowel systems 48 // 3.3.1 Pairs of phonemes 48 // 3.3.2 England 51 // 3.3.3 Scotland 53 // 3.3.4 The United States 58 // 3.4 Vowels and /?/ 61 // 3.4.1 Rhotic and nonrhotic accents 61 // 3.4.2 Scottish Standard English 63 // 3.4.3 General American 64 // 3.4.4 Received Pronunciation 65 // 3.5 Unstressed and low-stressed syllables: schwa and some // other vowels 66 // 3.6 Phonemic symbols and phonetic content 69 // 3.7 Appendix: Some more accents of English 75 // 3.7.1 Australian, New Zealand and South African English 76 // 3.7.2 Hiberno-English: Southern and Northern 82 // Suggested reading to chapter 3 87 // 4 Phonological features, part I: the classification of English vowel phonemes 89 //

4.1 The role of features in phonology 89 // 4.2 Phonological features and the basic vowel system 92 // 4.2.1 Major classes: [Sonorant], [Continuant] and [Consonantal] 93 // 4.2.2 Pairs of vowels revisited: the feature [Tense] 95 // 4.2.3 Tenseness and length 99 // 4.2.4 Tongue-body features: [Back], [High] and [Low] 102 // 4.2.5 The feature [Round], and more on redundancy 107 // Suggested reading to chapter 4 111 // 5 Phonological features, part 2: the consonant system 112 // 5.1 Why new features? 112 // 5.1.1 Excess of features 113 // 5.1.2 Vowel features’ and ‘consonant features’ 115 // 5.2 Replacing place features: [Anterior], [Coronal] // and [Strident] ?6 // 5.3 [Round], [High], [Low] and [Back] revisited 119 // 5.4 Pairs of obstruents: [Voice] and [Tense] 121 // 5.5 [Nasal] and [Lateral] 124 // 5.6 A final note on redundancy 126 // Suggested reading to chapter 5 129 // 6 Syllables 130 // 6.1 Phonetic and phonological units 130 // 6.2 What is a syllable? 131 // 6.3 Some unanswered questions 134 // 6.4 The structure of monosyllabic words 137 // 6.4.1 The onset 138 // 6.4.2 The coda 139 // 6.4.3 The peak 140 // 6.4.4 The rhyme 143 // 6.4.5 Appendices 147 // 6.5 The syllable template and phonotactics 151 // 6.5.1 Onset phonotactics 153 // 6.5.2 Rhyme phonotactics 159 // 6.5.3 The peak: vowels and consonants revisited 164 // 6.6 The syllabification of polysyllabic words 167 // 6.7 Segments, X-positions and syllables 174 // Suggested reading to chapter 6 178 // 7 Word stress 179 // 7.1 On the nature of stress 179 // 7.2 Stress and syllable structure 182 // 7.2.1 Final stress 183 // 7.2.2 Nonfinal stress 186 // 7.3 Stress and nonphonological structure 189 // 7.4 Stress and phonological structure: Metrical Phonology 193 // 7.4.1 The notation 193 // 7.4.2 Some generalisations 198 // 7.5 The (non-)predictability of English word stress 205 //

Suggested reading to chapter 7 207 // 8 Phonetic representations: the realisations of phonemes 208 // 8.1 The phonetic level of representation 208 // 8.2 Allophony: the principles 210 // 8.2.1 Complementary distribution of allophones: clear and dark [1] 211 // 8.2.2 Assimilation: optionality versus nonbinarity, and natural classes 213 // 8.2.3 Parallel distribution of allophones: unreleased stops 217 // 8.3 Allophony in the obstruent system 218 // 8.3.1 The allophony of voiceless stops: aspiration and glottalisation 219 // 8.3.2 Allophony of voiced obstruents: devoicing 222 // 8.3.3 Summary: phonetic correlates of the voicing opposition 223 // 8.3.4 Glottal stops, taps and some problems 225 // 8.4 Vowel length 227 // 8.4.1 Recapitulation 227 // 8.4.2 The Scottish Vowel-Length Rule 229 // 8.4.3 Vowel-length allophony 234 // 8.5 Rules, phonetic representations and binary features 235 // 8.5.1 The nonbinarity of phonetic representations 236 // 8.5.2 Rules, features and natural classes 238 // 8.6 Suspended contrast: the archiphoneme 241 // Suggested reading to chapter 8 248 // 9 Phrases, sentences and the phonology of connected speech 249 // 9.1 Stress beyond the single word 250 // 9.1.1 Phrasal stress 252 // 9.1.2 Compound stress 254 // 9.2 The phonology of rhythm 258 // 9.2.1 Stress-timing in English 258 // 9.2.2 Metrical structure and the foot 260 // 9.2.3 Eurhythmy: the rhythmic adjustment of stress // patterns 272 // 9.3 Syllables in connected speech 279 // 9.3.1 Liaison 280 // 9.3.2 Some effects of liaison 281 // 9.4 Structure simplification in connected speech 284 // 9.4.1 Vowel reduction and weak forms 285 // 9.4.2 Reduction, elision, assimilation 287 // Suggested reading to chapter 9 290 // 10 Representations and derivations 291 // 10.1 On phonological theories 291 // 10.2 Increasing derivational power: Generative Phonology 297 //

10.2.1 The velar nasal: phoneme or sequence? 297 // 10.2.2 /?/ in nonrhotic accents: a partial analysis 301 // 10.2.3 The Vowel-Shift derivation 305 // 10.2.4 Constraining derivational power: free rides and // derived environments 310 // 10.3 More on phonological representations 313 // 10.3.1 What is a segment? 313 // 10.3.2 Features and the X-tier 315 // 10.3.3 Do feature matrices have structure? 321 // Suggested reading to chapter 10 323 // References 325 // Index 330