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BK

2nd ed.

Berlin : Springer, c2007

xxv,546 s. : il., mapy

ISBN 3-540-36650-4

ISBN 978-3-540-36650-8 (váz.)

Obsahuje černobílé ilustrace a fotografie, mapky, bibliografické odkazy, předmluvu, rejstřík, stručné biografie a fotografie editorů

Kartografie - multimédia - pojednání

000064577

Contents // 1 Multimedia Cartography 1 // 1.1 Introduction 1 // 1.2 Visualizing geography 2 // 1.3 Access to geographical information 3 // 1.4 A Different map 4 // 1.5 Multimedia as an information interface 5 // 1.6 Visualizing Multimedia Cartography 6 // 1.7 About this book 9 // 2 Development of Multimedia 11 // 2.1 Introduction 11 // 2.2 In the beginning ... 12 // 2.3 Pre-electronic multimedia 12 // 2.3.1 Microfiche 13 // 2.3.2 Motion film and interactive cinema 13 // 2.3.3 Video 13 // 2.3.4 Videodisc 15 // 2.4 Hypertext 16 // 2.5 Hypermedia and Multimedia 17 // 2.5.1 Hypermedia 17 // 2.5.2 Multimedia 18 // 2.5.3 Discrete Multimedia - CD-ROM et al. 19 // 2.5.4 DVD 20 // 2.5.5 Games machines 21 // 2.6 Hypermaps 22 // 2.7 Multimedia and maps 23 // 2.7.1 Initial projects 23 // 2.7.2 Videodiscs and Cartography 24 // 2.7.3 Cartographic products on CD-ROM 25 // 2.7.4 Games, maps and gameplay 26 // 2.8 From packaged media to distributed media 27 // 2.9 Conclusion 29 // 3 The Internet and Multimedia Cartography 35 // 3.1 Introduction 35 // 3.2 Internet development 3 5 // 3.3 Maps and the Internet 37 // 3.4 Internet use and Internet map use 37 // 3.5 Research in Internet Cartography 42 // 3.6 Theory to support Internet Cartography 42 // 3.6.1 Dimensions of internet map use 42 // 3.6.2 Internet map delivery 43 // viii Contents // 3.6.3 Internet multimedia mapping 45 // 3.6.4 Internet mobile mapping 47 // 3.6.5 Theoretical development 47 // 3.7 Summary and suggestions 48 // 4 Development

of Multimedia - Mobile and Ubiquitous 51 // 4.1 Introduction 51 // 4.2 Elements of Cartographic LBS 51 // 4.2.1 Positioning 52 // 4.2.2 Modelling and Presentation of Information 53 // 4.2.3 Users and Adaptation 55 // 4.3 Infrastructure Developments: Towards ubiquitous 56 // environments // 4.3.1 National telecommunication infrastructure 56 // 4.3.2 Electronic Paper 57 // 4.4 Navigation Systems as possible applications of LBS 58 // 4.5 Conclusion 61 // 5 Elements of Multimedia Cartography 63 // 5.1 Introduction 63 // 5.2 The Meaning of Multimedia Cartography 64 // 5.2.1 Maps, Lies and Abstraction 64 // 5.2.2 Maps and Amusement 65 // 5.3 The Paradigm of Multimedia Cartography 65 // 5.4 Elements of the Multimedia Cartography Paradigm 67 // 5.5.1 Inadequacy of the Paper Medium 68 // 5.5.2 Problems Associated with Distributing 68 // Maps on Paper // 5.5.3 Problems in Map Use 69 // 5.5.4 The Intrinsic Value of Multimedia 69 // 5.5.5 The Moral Obligation of Cartographic 71 // Communication // 5.5 Conclusion 71 // 6 Designing Suitable Cartographic Multimedia Presentations 75 // 6.1 Introduction 75 // 6.2 Media functions and media as artefact 75 // 6.3 Functions of media in information perception 76 // 6.4 Functions of media in knowledge generation 77 // 6.4.1 Cognitive approach 77 // 6.4.2 Approach of Erkenntnis theory 79 // 6.4.3 Didactic approach 80 // 6.5 Functions of media according to the purpose of 81 // Contents ix // communication // 6.6 Media as artefacts 83 // 6.7 Conclusion

85 // 7 Design of Multimedia Mapping Products 89 // 7.1 Introduction 89 // 7.1.1 Concepts of Map-Based Access 90 // 7.1.2 Presentation and Structure Characteristics 90 // of the Multimedia Environment // 7.1.2.1 The Hypermedia Paradigm 91 // 7.2 Components and Design of Multimedia 92 // Map-Based Products // 7.2.1 The Multimedia Map-Based Product GUI 92 // 7.2.1.1 The Map as a Display and 93 // Product Control Construct // 7.2.1.2 Symbol Objects 95 // 7.2.1.3 Marginalia - A Concept Extended 98 // 7.2.2 The Multimedia Content-Set 100 // 7.2.3 Object Links and Organisational 100 // Structures // 7.3 Conclusion 101 // 8 Map Concepts in Multimedia Products 105 // 8.1 Introduction 105 // 8.2 General Map- and Atlas-related Concepts 106 // 8.3 Conclusion 114 // 9 Territorial Evolution of Canada - An Interactive 117 // Multimedia Cartographic Presentation // 9.1 Introduction 117 // 9.2 Background of Product Development 118 // 9.3 Example of an Interactive Multimedia Presentation 119 // 9.3.1 Thematic Content 120 // 9.3.2 Cartographic Design Issues 121 // 9.3.3 Authoring Tools 122 // 9.3.4 Graphical User Interface 123 // 9.3.5 Operation 124 // 9.3.6 Design Considerations 124 // 9.4 The Internet Implementation 125 // 9.5 Conclusions 126 // 10 Wula Na Lnuwe’kati: A Digital Multimedia Atlas 129 // 10.1 Introduction 129 // x // Contents // 10.2 Target Audience 129 // 10.3 Selection of Chapters 130 // 10.4 Software 131 // 10.5 Production of ? ase Maps 131 // 10.5.1 Scanning 131 // 10.5.2

Tracing 131 // 10.5.3 Textures 131 // 10.5.4 Compilation 132 // 10.6 Media Choices 132 // 10.6.1 Maps 132 // 10.6.2 Typography 134 // 10.6.3 Imagery 134 // 10.6.4 Audio 134 // 10.6.5 Video 135 // 10.6.6 Atlas Interactivity 135 // 10.7 Conclusions 136 // 11 The Atlas of Canada - User Centred Development 139 // 11.1 An Evolution in Mapping 139 // 11.2 User Centred Development and Design 141 // 11.3 The Value of the User Centred Design Process 147 // 11.4 Case Studies 148 // 11.4.1 Case Study 1 - Mapping User Interface 148 Design // 11.4.2 Case Study 2 - Mapping User Interface 151 Tools // 11.4.3 Case Study 3 - Integration of 154 // Topographic Maps in the Atlas of Canada // 11.5 Conclusion 158 // 12 Atlas of Switzerland 2 A highly interactive thematic 161 // national atlas // 12.1 Introduction 161 // 12.2 Brief history of the Atlas of Switzerland 162 // 12.3 Basic concepts and other thoughts 164 // 12.3.1 GIS in Multimedia 164 // 12.3.2 Adaptive Map 165 // 12.3.3 Graphical User Interface 166 // 12.3.4 3D Thinking 167 // 12.4 Organisation and implementation 168 // 12.4.1 Project organisation 169 // 12.4.2 Project setup and management 169 // 12.4.3 Editorial workflow and prototyping 170 // Contents xi // 12.4.4 Technical implementation 171 // 12.5 The 2D world: maps are beautiful 172 // 12.5.1 The adaptive map 173 // 12.5.2 The atlas ‘tool kit’ 173 // 12.5.3 Topics 175 // 12.6 Switzerland in 3D 176 // 12.6.1 Visualization and analysis 176 // 12.6.2 N avigation 178 // 12.7 Conclusions

and outlook 180 // 13 AIS-Austria - An Atlas Information System of Austria 183 // 13.1 General Overview 183 // 13.2 AIS-Austria Concept 185 // 13.3 AIS-Austria Requirements 186 // 13.4 AIS-Austria Functionality 188 // 13.5 AIS-Austria System Structure 191 // 13.5.1 Visualisation environment 191 // 13.5.2 Geodatabase 192 // 13.5.3 Spatial analysis 193 // 13.5.4 System interpreter 193 // 13.6 Conclusion and Outlook 193 // 14 Toward a New Generation of Community Atlases - 195 // The Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica // 14.1 Introduction 195 // 14.2 The Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica Project 197 // 14.3 Atlas design: modularity and interoperability 198 // 14.4 The atlas development framework 202 // 14.5 The Atlas from the end user’s perspective 205 // 14.6 Discussion/conclusion: opening the atlas 212 // 14.7 Acknowledgements 213 // 15 The Employment of 3D in Cartography - An Overview 217 // 15.1 Introduction 217 // 15.2 Perceptive/Cognitive Aspects 218 // 15.3 Technical Aspects 221 // 15.3.1 User Interfaces 222 // 15.3.2 Software-Based Aspects 224 // 15.3.3 Communication Model Creation 226 // 15.4 Conclusion 226 // 16 Non-Photorealistic 3D Geovisualization 229 // 16.1 Background and Motivation 229 // xii Contents // 16.2 Photorealism and Its Limitations for Geovisualization 229 // 16.3 Non-Photorealistic Computer Graphics 231 // 16.3.1 Edge Enhancement 232 // 16.3.2 Non-Photorealistic Illumination 233 // 16.3.3 Non-Photorealistic Shading 234 // 16.4 Non-Photorealistic

Terrain Illustration 235 // 16.5 Non-Photorealistic City Model Illustration 236 // 16.6 Conclusions 238 // 17 Real-Time Virtual Landscapes 241 // 17.1 Potentials, Limitations, and Challenges 241 // 17.2 3D Landscape Models 242 // 17.3 Functionality of Real-Time Virtual Landscape Systems 243 // 17.3.1 General System Architecture 244 // 17.4 Building Blocks of Virtual Landscapes 245 // 17.5 3D Building Modeling 246 // 17.6 3D Vegetation Modeling 247 // 17.6.1 3D Plant Modeling 247 // 17.6.2 3D Vegetation Modeling 247 // 17.7 Real-Time Landscape Rendering Techniques 249 // 17.8 Navigating Through Virtual Landscapes 249 // 17.9 Case Study: The Lost Italian Gardens 251 // 17.10 Conclusions 251 // 18 Digital Globes 255 // 8.1 Introduction 255 // 18.2 Categories of Digital Globes 255 // 18.3 What makes Digital Globes superior? 257 // 18.4 How suitable is a theme for a digital globe? 259 // 18.5 Examples of Digital Globes 260 // 18.5.1 Digital globe illustrations 260 // 18.5.2 Virtual hyperglobes 260 // 18.5.3 Tactile hyperglobes 262 // 18.6 Hologlobes 264 // 18.7 Conclusion 265 // 19 Augmented Reality as a Medium for Cartography 267 // 19.1 Introduction 267 // 19.2 Augmented Reality technology 269 // 19.3 Augmented reality visualization 273 // 19.4 Case study: Augmented map system 274 // 19.5 Mobile Augmented Reality 276 // 19.6 Case Study: Signpost 277 // Contents xiii // 19.7 Conclusion 279 // 20 Virtual Reality in Urban Planning and Design 283 // 20.1 Introduction 283 // 20.2 A User

focus, not technology lead 284 // 20.3 Town Planning in Australia 284 // 20.4 Pressures for Change 285 // 20.5 Towards a 3D Planning Scheme 287 // 20.6 Modelling and Simulation: oh... .and games 288 // 20.7 RMIT approach to (ever) larger scale visualisations 289 // 20.7.1 Scale and resolution : single precision 289 arithmetic // 20.7.2 Performance & interactive use of data 289 // 20.7.3 Configuration and management: scene 290 // complexity and data organisation // 20.7.4 Future-proofing? 290 // 20.8 Parallel Developments 291 // 20.9 Directions 291 // 20.10 Conclusion 293 // 21 Education and E-Learning with Virtual Landscapes 295 // 21.1 Introduction 295 // 21.2 Related Work 296 // 21.3 Background on Constructionist Learning 298 // 21.4 Interactivity and Interaction 300 // 21.5 3 D Representation 3 01 // 21.6 The concept of virtual landscapes 303 // 21.7 An example scenario for the virtual landscape 304 // 21.8 Fundamentals for delivery and presentation of virtual 306 Landscape // 21.9 The prototype of the virtual landscape 307 // 21.10 Future developments 310 // 21.11 Conclusion 312 // 22 Cartography and the use of animation 317 // 22.1 Introduction - Why cartographic animation? 317 // 22.2 Spatial data and the type animations 318 // 22.3 Cartographic animation environment and 322 // visualization strategies // 22.4 Conclusions 325 // 23 Multimodal Analytical Visualisation of Spatio-Temporal Data 327 // 23.1 Introduction 327 // XIV // Contents // 23.2 Visualisation of Spatial

Time-Series in 329 // Computer Cartography and Statistical Graphics // 23.3 Visualisation of Local Behaviours 330 // 23.4 Combining Tools for Behaviour Exploration 334 // 23.4.1 Getting the General Picture of the 334 // Behaviour on the Entire Territory // 23.4.2 Finding Spatial Patterns of Similar 337 // Local Behaviours // 23.4.3 Detecting Spatio-Temporal Patterns of 341 // Similar Changes // 23.5 Discussion and Conclusions 343 // 24 Games and Geography 347 // 24.1 Introduction 347 // 24.2 What is a game? 347 // 24.2.1 Defining Games and Game-Style Interaction 347 // 24.3. Cultural Geography Place and Games 350 // 24.4. Games Involving Geography 351 // 24.4.1 Strategy-based Games 351 // 24.4.2 Fact-based Memory Games 351 // 24.4.3 Explorative Games 352 // 24.4.4 Affordance and Constraint-based Games 352 // 24.4.5 Place-Fed games 352 // 24.4.6 World Building games 353 // 24.5. Game Issues 353 // 24.5.1 Games and Learning 353 // 24.5.2 Navigation Issues in Games and 354 // Digital Environments // 24.5.3 Evaluation Issues 354 // 24.6 Conclusion 355 // 25 Virtual Queenscliff: A Computer Game Approach for 359 // Depicting Geography // 25.1 Introduction 359 // 25.2 Background to the Emergence of a Game Approach 360 // 25.3 The Prototype - Virtual Queenscliff 361 // 25.3.1 Site Location 362 // 25.3.2 Choice of game engine 363 // 25.3.3 Cry Engine Sandbox 364 // 25.3.4 Workflow 364 // 25.3.5 The Visualization Environment 366 // 25.4. Conclusion 367 // Contents XV // 26 Maps and LBS

- Supporting wayfinding by cartographic means 369 // 26.1 Introduction 369 // 26.2 Analysis of route descriptions and sketches 370 // 26.3 Wayfinding test: How much detail is necessary 371 // to support wayfinding // 26.4 General design goals of route descriptions 373 // 26.5 Presentation forms 374 // 26.5.1 Maps 374 // 26.5.2 Verbal Information 375 // 26.5.3 Images 376 // 26.5.4 Videos 376 // 26.5.5 3D Presentation Forms 376 // 26.5.6 Landmarks 377 // 26.6 Conclusion 379 // 27 Adaptation in mobile and ubiquitous cartography 383 // 27.1 Introduction 383 // 27.2 Challenges of mobile and ubiquitous cartography 383 // 27.2.1 A comparison of stationary, mobile, and 383 ubiquitous map usage // 27.2.2 Application scenarios of mobile map usage 384 // 27.2.3 General requirements for mobile maps 385 // 27.3 Mobile Internet and mobile map services 386 // 27.3.1 Web services 386 // 27.3.2 OGC Web services: Web Map Server and 386 Web Feature Server // 27.3.3 Functionality of mobile map services 386 // 27.4 Mobile geographic information usage context 388 // 27.4.1 Dimensions of mobile map usage context 388 // 27.4.2 Relationships between context dimensions 389 // 27.4.3 Influence of context factors on 390 // mobile map services // 27.5 Adaptation of geographic information 391 // 27.5.1 Adaptation principle and adaptation process 391 // 27.5.2 Adaptable objects in mobile map services 392 // 27.5.3 Adaptation methodology and 393 // implementation concepts // 27.6 Adaptation of geographic information

in 394 mobile map services // 27.6.1 Adaptation methods in mobile map services 394 // 27.6.2 Configuration of map components 395 // 27.6.3 Emphasising highly relevant POI symbols 395 // 27.7 Conclusion and outlook 396 // XVI // Contents // 28 A Real-World implementation of Multimedia Cartography 399 in LBS: The Whereis® Mobile Application Suite // 28.1 Introduction 399 // 28.2 Location 399 // 28.3 Webraska Mobile Technologies 400 // 28.4 SmartZone Application Concept 401 // 28.5 SmartZone Applications in Australia 403 // 28.6 Sensis Wireless Platform (SWP) 404 // 28.7 SWP for 3G 407 // 28.8 Conclusion 414 // 29 Standards, Norms and Open Source for Cartographic 415 // Multimedia Applications // 29.1 Introduction 415 // 29.2 Intention and benefits of standards in 416 // multimedia map creation // 29.2.1 Data, information and multimedia 416 // 29.2.2 Standardisation in authoring environment 418 // 29.2.3 The definition of an objective and its 420 // influence on using standards // 29.3 Organisations and standardisation 422 // 29.4 Selection of standardised formats 423 // 29.5 Conclusion and vision 425 // 30 Scalable Vector Graphics and Web Map Publishing 427 // 30.1 Introduction 427 // 30.2 Open Standards 428 // 30.3 Using Scalable Vector Graphics to publish Web Maps 429 // 30.4 Case Study: Developing school SVG-Based 433 // school atlases // 30.5 Interface Design - Template 4 434 // 30.6 Template four - code and interaction 435 // 30.7 Final Product 438 // 30.8 Conclusion 440

31 Cartographic Approaches to Web Mapping Services 441 // 31.1 Introduction 441 // 31.2 Web Map Services 445 // 31.3 Web Map Design 447 // 31.4 Thematic Information 449 // 31.5 Cartographic Network 451 // 31.6 Conclusions 452 // Contents xvii // 32 From Mapping Physical and Human Geographies to Mapping 455 ‘Personal Geographies’: Privacy and Security Issues // 32.1 Introduction 455 // 32.2 The Internet and information access 456 // 32.3 Mapping Personal Geographies 456 // 32.4 Privacy 457 // 32.5 Going on-line with the Internet 458 // 32.6 Going wireless 459 // 32.7 Wireless and location 460 // 32.8 Business interest in LBS 461 // 32.9 Privacy concerns 462 // 32.10 Security and privacy initiatives 463 // 32.11 Problems with developing technology 465 // 32.12 Privacy issues 467 // 32.13 Conclusion 468 // 33 Location and Access: Issues Enabling Accessibility 471 // of Information // 33.1 Introduction 471 // 33.2 Accessibility 472 // 33.3 The basics of accessibility 473 // 33.4 Alternative content creation 477 // 33.5 Location specific information 478 // 33.6 Location identification 478 // 33.7 Location based accessibility 479 // 33.8 Location/time based accessibility 480 // 33.9 Language accessibility 480 // 33.10 Common language descriptions 481 // 33.11 User profiles 482 // 33.12 Content descriptions 483 // 33.13 Intelligent servers 484 // 33.14 Conclusion and overall emerging possibilities 484 // 34 Use and Users of Multimedia Cartography 487 // 34.1 Introduction 487 // 34.2

Setting the scene 489 // 34.2.1 Use and users 489 // 34.2.2 A shift in focus 489 // 34.3 The nature of use and user research 490 // 34.3.1 Understanding and designing for the user 491 // 34.3.2 Iterative design and evaluation 492 // 34.3.3 Research techniques 493 // xviii Contents // 34.4 Case study: a user-centred design approach for 496 // mobile tourism applications // 34.4.1 Mobile usage environments 497 // 34.4.2 Investigation techniques 498 // 34.5 Conclusion 501 // 35 Future Directions for Multimedia Cartography 505 // 35.1 Introduction 505 // 35.2 Multimedia and Cartography: New Opportunities 506 // 35.3 The Nature and Quality of the Content of 508 // Multimedia Data // 35.4 The Centrality of the User 510 // 35.5 Education, Entertainment and Edutainment 512 // 35.6 Commercial Aspects of Multimedia Cartography in the 513 // Experience Economy . // 35.7 Full Involvement of the Senses 515 // 35.8 Preserving Multimedia Cartography 517 // 35.9 Conclusion 519 // 36 Postscript to Multimedia Cartography Edition 2 523 // 36.1 Introduction 523 // 36.2 The Book 524 // 36.3 Acceptance of new technologies 529 // 36.4 Conclusion 530 // Index // 531