.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

10 th ed.

Belmont : Thomson/Wadsworth, c2004

xxiv,493,[65] s.příl. : il. + 1 CD-ROM

ISBN 0-534-62028-0 (váz.)

Obsahuje ilustrace, bibliografické citace, předmluvu, dodatky, glosář, rejstřík, údaje o autorovi a jeho fotografii, volně přiložený CD-ROM s názvem "Babbie’s research writer CD-ROM"

Bibliografie na s. B1-B12

Výzkumy sociologické - učebnice vysokošk.

000081754

Contents in Brief // Preface xv // Acknowledgments xxv // PART 1 // An Introduction to Inquiry 3 // 1 Human Inquiry and Science 4 // 2 Paradigms,Theory,and Social Research 32 // 3 The Ethics and Politics of Social Research 61 // PART 2 // The Structuring of Inquiry 85 // 4 Research Design 86 // 5 Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement 118 // 6 Indexes, Scales, and Typologies 150 // 7 The Logic of Sampling 178 // PART 3 // Modes of Observation 219 // 8 Experiments 220 // 9 Survey Research 242 // 10 Qualitative Field Research 281 // 11 Unobtrusive Research 312 // 12 Evaluation Research 341 // PART 4 // Analysis of Data 367 // 13 Qualitative Data Analysis 369 // 14 Quantitative Data Analysis 395 // 15 The Elaboration Model 421 // 16 Social Statistics 440 // 17 Reading and Writing Social Research 472 // Appendixes A1 // A Using the Library A2 // ? GSS Household Enumeration Questionnaire A8 // C Random Numbers A18 // D Distribution of Chi Square A20 // E Normal Curve Areas A22 // F Estimated Sampling Error A23 // G Twenty Questions a Journalist Should Ask // about Poll Results A25 // vi // Contents in Detail // Preface xv Acknowledgments xxv // Paradigms, Theory, and Social Research 32 // PART 1 // An Introduction to Inquiry 3 // Human Inquiry and Science // 4 // Introduction 5 Looking for Reality 6 Ordinary Human Inquiry 6 Tradition 7 Authority 7 // Errors in Inquiry, and Some Solutions 8 Whats Really Real? 9 The Foundations of Social Science 12 Theory, Not Philosophy or Belief 12 Social Regularities 13 Aggregates, Not Individuals 15 A Variable Language 16 Some Dialectics of Social Research 21 Idiographic and Nomothetic Explanation 21 Inductive and Deductive Theory 24 Qualitative and Quantitative Data 26 Pure and Applied Research 28 The Ethics of Social Research 28 Voluntary Participation 28 No Harm to Subjects 29 MAIN POINTS 29 KEY TERMS 30 //

REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 30 ADDITIONAL READINGS 30 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 31 // Introduction 33 // Some Social Science Paradigms 33 Macrotheory and Microtheory 35 Early Positivism 35 Social Darwinism 36 Conflict Paradigm 36 Symbolic Interactionism 37 Ethnomethodology 38 Structural Functionalism 38 Feminist Paradigms 39 Rational Objectivity Reconsidered 41 Elements of Social Theory 43 Two Logical Systems Revisited 44 The Traditional Model of Science 44 Deductive and Inductive Reasoning: // A Case Illustration 47 A Graphic Contrast 50 Deductive Theory Construction 52 Getting Started 52 Constructing Your Theory 53 An Example of Deductive Theory: Distributive Justice 53 // Inductive Theory Construction 55 An Example of Inductive Theory: Why Do People Smoke Marijuana? 55 The Links Between Theory and Research 56 MAIN POINTS 57 KEY TERMS 58 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 58 ADDITIONAL READINGS 59 // RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 59 // Q The Ethics and Politics of Social Research 61 // Introduction 62 // Ethical Issues in Social Research 63 Voluntary Participation 63 No Harm to the Participants 64 Anonymity and Confidentiality 63 Deception 67 Analysis and Reporting 68 Institutional Review Boards 69 Professional Codes of Ethics 72 Two Ethical Controversies 72 Trouble in the Tearoom 72 Observing Human Obedience 74 The Politics of Social Research 75 Objectivity and Ideology 76 Politics with a Little "p" 79 Politics in Perspective 79 MAIN POINTS 80 KEY TERMS 81 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 81 ADDITIONAL READINGS 82 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 82 // The Structuring of Inquiry 85 // Q Research Design 86 // Necessary and Sufficient Causes 92 // Units of Analysis 94 Individuals 95 Groups 95 Organizations 96 Social Artifacts 96 Units of Analysis in Review 97 Faulty Reasoning about Units of Analysis: The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism 100 The Time Dimension 101

Cross-Sectional Studies 101 Longitudinal Studies 102 Approximating Longitudinal Studies 105 Examples of Research Strategies 106 How to Design a Research Project 107 Getting Started 109 Conceptualization 109 Choice of Research Method 110 Operationalization 110 Population and Sampling 110 Observations 111 Data Processing 111 Analysis 111 Application 111 Research Design in Review 112 The Research Proposal 113 Elements of a Research Proposal 113 MAIN POINTS 114 KEY TERMS 115 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 115 ADDITIONAL READINGS 116 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 116 // Introduction 87 Three Purposes of Research 87 Exploration 87 Description 89 // Explanation 89 // The Logic of Nomothetic Explanation 90 Criteria for Nomothetic Causality 90 False Criteria for Nomothetic Causality 92 // Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Measurement 118 // Introduction 119 // Measuring Anything That Exists 119 Conceptions, Concepts, and Reality 120 Concepts as Constructs 121 // Contents in Detail . ix // Conceptualization 122 Indicators and Dimensions 123 The Interchangeability of Indicators 124 Real Nominal, and Operational Definitions 124 Creating Conceptual Order 123 An Example of Conceptualization: // The Concept of Anomie 126 Definitions in Descriptive and Explanatory Studies 129 // Operationalization Choices 132 Range of Variation 132 Variations between the Extremes 133 A Note on Dimensions 133 Defining Variables and Attributes 134 Levels of Measurement 134 Single or Multiple Indicators 138 Some Illustrations of Operationalization Choices 139 // Operationalization Goes On and On 140 Criteria of Measurement Quality 140 Precision and Accuracy 140 Reliability 141 Validity 143 // Who Decides What’s Valid? 143 Tension between Reliability and Validity 146 MAIN POINTS 146 KEY TERMS 147 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 147 ADDITIONAL READINGS 148 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 148 //

Q Indexes, Scales, and Typologies 150 // Introduction 151 Indexes versus Scales 151 Index Construction 154 Item Selection 154 // Examination of Empirical Relationships 15 5 Index Scoring 160 Handling Missing Data 161 Index Validation 164 // The Status of Women: An Illustration of Index Construction 166 Scale Construction 167 Bogardus Social Distance Scale 168 Thurstone Scale 168 Likert Scale 169 Semantic Differential 170 Guttman Scale 170 Typologies 174 MAIN POINTS 175 KEY TERMS 176 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 176 ADDITIONAL READINGS 176 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 177 // Q The Logic of Sampling 178 // Introduction 179 A Brief History of Sampling 181 President Alf Landon 181 President Thomas E. Dewey 181 Two Types of Sampling Methods 182 Nonprobability Sampling 182 Reliance on Available Subjects 183 Purposive or Judgmental Sampling 183 Snowball Sampling 184 Quota Sampling 184 Selecting Informants 18 5 The Theory and Logic of Probability Sampling 186 // Conscious and Unconscious Sampling Bias 187 // Representativeness and Probability of Selection 189 Random Selection 190 Probability Theory, Sampling Distributions, and Estimates of Sampling Error 191 Populations and Sampling Frames 199 Review of Populations and Sampling Frames 201 // Types of Sampling Designs 201 Simple Random Sampling 201 // Systematic Sampling 203 Stratified Sampling 205 Implicit Stratification in Systematic Sampling 207 // Illustration: Sampling University Students 207 // Multistage Cluster Sampling 208 Multistage Designs and Sampling Error 210 Stratification in Multistage Cluster Sampling 212 // Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) Sampling 212 // Disproportionate Sampling and Weighting 213 // Probability Sampling in Review 215 MAIN POINTS 215 KEY TERMS 216 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 216 ADDITIONAL READINGS 216 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 217 //

PART 3 // Modes of Observation // 219 // Experiments // 220 // Introduction 221 // Topics Appropriate to Experiments 221 The Classical Experiment 221 Independent and Dependent Variables 222 Pretesting and Posttesting 222 Experimental and Control Groups 223 The Double-Blind Experiment 224 Selecting Subjects 225 Probability Sampling 226 Randomization 226 Matching 226 // Matching or Randomization? 227 Variations on Experimental Design 228 Preexperimental Research Designs 228 // Validity Issues in Experimental Research 230 // An Illustration of Experimentation 234 "Natural" Experiments 237 Strengths and Weaknesses of the Experimental Method 239 MAIN POINTS 239 KEY TERMS 240 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 240 ADDITIONAL READINGS 240 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 241 // Q Survey Research 242 // Introduction 243 // Topics Appropriate for Survey Research 243 Guidelines for Asking Questions 244 Choose Appropriate Question Forms 245 Make Items Clear 246 Avoid Double-Barreled Questions 246 Respondents Must Be Competent to Answer 246 // Respondents Must Be Willing to Answer 248 Questions Should Be Relevant 248 Short Items Are Best 249 Avoid Negative Items 249 Avoid Biased Items and Terms 249 Questionnaire Construction 250 General Questionnaire Format 250 Formats for Respondents 251 Contingency Questions 251 Matrix Questions 253 Ordering Items in a Questionnaire 254 Questionnaire Instructions 255 Pretesting the Questionnaire 256 A Composite Illustration 256 Self-Administered Questionnaires 256 Mail Distribution and Return 259 Monitoring Returns 259 Follow-up Mailings 260 Acceptable Response Rates 261 A Case Study 262 // Interview Surveys 263 The Role of the Survey Interviewer 263 General Guidelines for Survey Interviewing 264 Coordination and Control 266 Telephone Surveys 268 // Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) 269 //

New Technologies and Survey Research 270 Comparison of the Different Survey Methods 273 // Strengths and Weaknesses of Survey Research 274 Secondary Analysis 273 MAIN POINTS 277 KEY TERMS 278 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 278 ADDITIONAL READINGS 278 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 279 // ?? Qualitative Field Research 281 // Introduction 282 // Topics Appropriate to Field Research 282 Special Considerations in Qualitative Field Research 285 // The Various Roles of the Observer 285 Relations to Subjects 286 Some Qualitative Field Research Paradigms 288 Naturalism 289 Ethnomethodology 290 Grounded Theory 291 Case Studies and the Extended Case Method 293 // Institutional Ethnography 295 Participatory Action Research 296 Conducting Qualitative Field Research 298 Preparing for the Field 298 Qualitative Interviewing 299 // Focus Groups 302 Recording Observations 303 Research Ethics in Qualitative Field Research 306 // Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Field Research 307 Validity 307 Reliability 308 MAIN POINTS 309 KEY TERMS 309 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 309 ADDITIONAL READINGS 310 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 311 // IQ Unobtrusive Research 312 // Introduction 313 Content Analysis 314 Topics Appropriate to Content Analysis 314 Sampling in Content Analysis 315 Coding in Content Analysis 318 An Illustration of Content Analysis 322 Strengths and Weaknesses of Content Analysis 323 // Analyzing Existing Statistics 324 Durkheim’s Study of Suicide 324 The Consequences of Globalization 325 Units of Analysis 327 Problems of Validity 327 Problems of Reliability 327 Sources of Existing Statistics 328 Historical/Comparative Analysis 332 Examples of Historical/Comparative Analysis 332 // Sources of Historical/Comparative Data 334 Analytical Techniques 335 MAIN POINTS 338 KEY TERMS 338 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 338 ADDITIONAL READINGS 339 // RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 339 //

Qj Evaluation Research 341 // Introduction 342 Topics Appropriate to Evaluation Research 343 // Formulating the Problem: Issues of Measurement 344 Specifying Outcomes 345 Measuring Experimental Contexts 346 Specifying Interventions 346 Specifying the Population 346 New versus Existing Measures 347 Operationalizing Success/Failure 347 Types of Evaluation Research Designs 348 Experimental Designs 348 Quasi-Experimental Designs 349 Qualitative Evaluations 354 The Social Context 355 Logistical Problems 355 Some Ethical Issues 356 Use of Research Results 357 Social Indicators Research 362 The Death Penalty and Deterrence 362 Computer Simulation 363 MAIN POINTS 364 KEY TERMS 364 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 364 ADDITIONAL READINGS 365 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 365 // PART 4 // Analysis of Data 367 // Qj Qualitative Data Analysis 369 // Introduction 370 Linking Theory and Analysis 370 Discovering Patterns 370 Grounded Theory Method 372 // Semiotics 373 C on versation Analysis 375 Qualitative Data Processing 375 Coding 376 Memoing 379 Concept Mapping 380 // Computer Programs for Qualitative Data 381 Leviticus as Seen through NUD*IST 382 Sandrine Zerbib: Understanding Women Film Directors 387 // The Qualitative Analysis of Quantitative Data 391 MAIN POINTS 392 KEY TERMS 392 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 393 ADDITIONAL READINGS 393 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 393 // |Q Quantitative Data Analysis 395 // Introduction 396 Quantification of Data 396 Developing Code Categories 397 Codebook Construction 399 Data Entry 400 Univariate Analysis 400 Distributions 400 Central Tendency 402 Dispersion 405 // Continuous and Discrete Variables 406 Detail versus Manageability 406 Subgroup Comparisons 407 "Collapsing" Response Categories 408 Handling "Don’t Knows" 409 Numerical Descriptions in Qualitative Research 410 Bivariate Analysis 410 Percentaging a Table 412

Constructing and Reading Bivariate Tables 415 // Introduction to Multivariate Analysis 416 // Contents in Detail . xiii // MAIN POINTS 418 KEY TERMS 419 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 419 ADDITIONAL READINGS 419 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 420 // MAIN POINTS 468 KEY TERMS 469 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 470 ADDITIONAL READINGS 470 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 470 // ?] The Elaboration Model 421 // Introduction 422 // The Origins of the Elaboration Model 422 The Elaboration Paradigm 427 Replication 428 Explanation 428 Interpretation 430 Specification 431 Refinements to the Paradigm 434 Elaboration and Ex Post Facto Hypothesizing 436 MAIN POINTS 437 KEY TERMS 438 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 438 ADDITIONAL READINGS 438 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 439 // Q Social Statistics 440 // Introduction 441 // The Danger of Success in Math 441 Descriptive Statistics 442 Data Reduction 442 Measures of Association 443 Regression Analysis 447 Other Multivariate Techniques 451 Path Analysis 452 Time-Series Analysis 454 Factor Analysis 455 Inferential Statistics 458 Univariate Inferences 458 Tests of Statistical Significance 459 The Logic of Statistical Significance 459 Chi Square 464 // ? Reading and Writing Social Research 472 // Introduction 473 Reading Social Research 473 Journals versus Books 473 Evaluation of Research Reports 474 Using the Internet Wisely 478 Some Useful Web Sites 478 Searching the Web 479 Evaluating the Quality of Internet Materials 480 // Citing Internet Materials 484 Writing Social Research 485 Some Basic Considerations 485 Organization of the Report 487 Guidelines for Reporting Analyses 490 MAIN POINTS 491 KEY TERMS 491 // REVIEW QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES 492 ADDITIONAL READINGS 492 RESOURCES ON THE INTERNET 492 //

Appendixes A1 // Using the Library // A2 // GSS Household Enumeration Questionnaire A8 // Random Numbers // A18 // Distribution of Chi Square // A20 // Normal Curve Areas // A22 // Estimated Sampling Error // A23 // Twenty Questions a Journalist Should Ask about Poll Results A25 // Bibliography B1 Glossary G1 Index 11