.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(1) Půjčeno:1x 

BK

New Jersey : Prentice Hall, c2002

xii, 592 s. : il., grafy ; 26 cm

ISBN 0-13-033775-7 (váz.)

Obsahuje fotografie, tabulky

Obsahuje bibliografii na s. 539-572, bibliografické odkazy, rejstřík

000133877

J 0/00 b K O/bj’f // Praise for Limnology // “I am very impressed with Chapter 1, and the way the book is laid out. Jaap (Jacob Kalff) makes a good case of why limnology is important, where it is going, and why he did things the way he did them.” • // —John Smol, Queen’s University // “There is a great need for a readable and adequate limnology text. From what I have seen of this possible text, it certainly will be an improvement and thus would adopt it.” . , // —Owen Lind, Baylor University // “I was impressed by the breadth and depth of Dr. Kalff s knowledge ... He has done a good job of synthesizing key issues and presents both an historical perspective as well as good selections of recent, important references.” // -—William DeMott, Indiana University // “Kalff summarizes and presents topics that have been neglected (e.g., acid rain, reservoirs) or even unanticipated (e.g., contaminants) by authors of other limnology texts. Chapters on these subjects will firmly imbed these topics into the body of limnology, and let students know that work done in these areas will be recognized as making a contribution to the field. I anticipate that these chapters will redefine the research directions taken by a new generation of limnology students.” // —Milton Ostrofsky, Allegheny College // “The text has the potential to fill an important need for an up-to-date advanced limnology textbook.” . . // —Donald Roeder, Simon’s Rock College // ISBN ?-13-033775-?

// Pearson // Education // Prentice Hall // Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 www.prenhall.com // 9___ // Contents // CHAPTER 1 // Inland Waters and Their Catchments: // An Introduction and Setting 1 // 1.1 Introduction 1 // 1.2 The Setting 8 // 1.3 Organization of the Text 10 // Acknowledgments 12 // CHAPTER 2 // The Development of Limnology 13 // 2.1 Limnology and Its Roots 13 // 2.2 Limnology Between World War I and World War II ’ 18 // 2.3 The Development of Ideas: Europe 19 // 2.4 The Development of Ideas: North America 21 // 2.5 Limnology after World War II 24 // 2.6 Scales and Patterns: A Conceptual Exploration 27 // CHAPTER 3 // Water: A Unique and Important Substance 3 5 // 3.1 Introduction 3 5 // 3.2 Characteristics of Water 35 // CHAPTER 4 // Water Resources, Water Pollution, and Inland Waters 41 // 4.1 Introduction 41 // 4.2 Water Resources 42 // 4.3 Lakes, Rivers, Wedands, and Their Global Distribution 46 // 4.4 A Look at “Typical” Lakes and Streams 48 // CHAPTER 5 Hydrology and Climate 5 3 // 5.1 Introduction 53 // 5.2 Water Movement in Catchments 53 // 5.3 Humans and the Hydrologic Cycle 57 // 5.4 Global Patterns in Precipitation and Runoff 59 // 5.5 Runoff and the Presence // of Waterbodies 63 // 5.6 Water Inputs and Outputs 64 // 5.7 The Aral Sea 68 // 5.8 The Caspian Sea 70 // CHAPTER 6 // Origin and Age of Lakes 72 // 6.1 Introduction 72 // 6.2 Glacial Lakes 73 // 6.3 Tectonic Lakes 76 // 6.4 Coastal Lakes 78 // 6.5 Riverine Lakes 78 // 6.6 Volcanic Lakes 81

// 6.7 Solution or Karst Lakes 82 // 6.8 Manmade Lakes or Reservoirs 82 // CHAPTER 7 // Lake and Catchment Morphometry 85 // 7.1 Introduction 85 // 7.2 The Bathymetric Map 85 // 7.3 Lake Surface Area 86 // 7.4 Lake Depth 87 // viii CONTENTS // 7.5 Lake Shape 90 // 7.6 Underwater and Catchment Slopes 91 // CHAPTER 8 // Rivers and the Export of Materials from // Drainage Basins and the Atmosphere 94 // 8.1 Introduction 94 // 8.2 Flowing Water Systems 95 // 8.3 Rivers and Their Ecotones 103 // 8.4 Rivers, Their Banks, and Human // Activity 106 // 8.5 Drainage-Basin Export of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 108 // 8.6 Atmospheric Deposition of Nutrients 113 // 8.7 Nutrient Export, Catchment Size, Lake Morphometry, and the Biota: // A Conceptualization 116 // 8.8 Organic Carbon Export from Drainage Basins 117 // CHAPTER 9 // Aquatic Systems and their Catchments 122 // 9.1 Catchment Size 122 // 9.2 Catchment Form 122 // 9.3 Catchment Soils and Vegetation 123 // 9.4 Water Residence Time 124 // 9.5 Nutrient Concentrations, Trophic State, // and WRT 127 // 9.6 Retention of Dissolved and Particulate Materials by Lakes and Reservoirs 131 // 9.7 Sediment Loading to Aquatic // Systems 133 // CHAPTER 10 Light 136 // 10.1 Introduction 136 // 10.2 Detectors 137 // 10.3 Light Above and Below the Water // Surface 139 // 10.4 Absorption, Transmission, and Scattering // of Light in Water 140 // 10.5 Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Effects 143 // 10.6 Light Attenuation 144 // 10.7 Light Attenuation // and Photosynthesis

145 // 10.8 Light Attenuation and Lake // Stratification 146 // 10.9 The Secchi Disc and Its Utility 148 // 10.10 Limitations of the Secchi Disc 148 // 10.11 Light and Primary Production 149 // 10.12 Underwater Vision 153 // CHAPTER 11 // Temperature Cycles, Lake Stratification, and Heat Budgets 154 // 11.1 Introduction 154 // 11.2 Types of Stratification and Mixing 155 // 11.3 Morphometry and Stratification 159 // 11.4 Seasonal Temperature Cycles and Stratification 160 // 11.5 Stability of Stratification 164 // 11.6 Stability of Temperate vs Tropical Lakes 165 // 11.7 Thermocline Depth 166 // 11.8 Thermocline Shape 167 // 11.9 Meromictic Lakes 168 // 11.10 Development of Meromixis 169 // 11.11 Heat Budgets 172 // 11.12 Climatic Change and Aquatic Systems 174 // CHAPTER 12 // Water Movements 179 // 12.1 Introduction 179 // 12.2 Laminar vs Turbulent Flow 179 // 12.3 Surface Gravity Waves 181 // 12.4 Turbulent Flow and Measures // of Stability 183 // 12.5 Coefficient of Vertical Eddy 186 // 12.6 Coefficient of Horizontal Eddy Diffusion 187 // CONTENTS // 12.7 Horizontal Currents 188 // 12.8 Long-term Surface Current // Patterns 192 // 12.9 Langmuir Currents 192 // 12.10 Standing Surface Waves 194 // 12.11 Internal or Thermocline Seiches 194 // 12.12 Internal Seiches, Hypolimnetic Currents, and Sediment Resuspension 198 // 12.13 Turbulent Mixing and the Biota 199 // CHAPTER 13 // Salinity and Major Ion Composition of Lakes and Rivers 202 // 13.1 Introduction 2 02 // 13.2 Salinity

and Its Origins 202 // 13.3 Total Salinity and Its Determination 205 // 13.4 Major Ion Composition 206 // 13.5 Human Activity, Climate, and Ion // Composition 209 // 13.6 Saline Lakes and Their Distribution 212 // 13.7 Ionic Composition of Inland Saline Lakes // and Wetlands 212 // 13.8 The Salinity Spectrum and the Biota 214 // CHAPTER 14 // Inorganic Carbon and pH 218 // 14.1 Introduction 218 // 14.2 Carbon Dioxide in Water 218 // 14.3 pH and Its Range in Aquatic Systems 219 // 14.4 Alkalinity of Inland Waters 220 // 14.5 pH, Extreme Environmental Conditions, and Species Richness 221 // 14.6 Carbonates: Precipitation and Solubilization 222 // CHAPTER 15 // Dissolved Oxygen 226 // 15.1 Introduction 226 // 15.2 Solubility of Oxygen in Water 226 // 15.3 Sources and Sinks of Oxygen 228 // 15.4 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and DOC 231 // 15.5 Dissolved Oxygen Consumption and Lake Productivity 233 // 15.6 Oxygen Depletion in Ice-covered Waters 236 // 15.7 Dissolved Oxygen and the Biota 236 // CHAPTER 16 // Oxidation-Reduction Potential // 16.1 Introduction 239 // 16.2 Redox Reactions and Nutrient Cycling 239 // CHAPTER 17 // Phosphorus Concentrations and Cycling 247 // 17.1 Introduction 247 // 17.2 The Classical Model of Phosphorus Cycling 247 // 17.3 The Modern Model and Aerobic Phosphorus Release 249 // 17.4 The Mass-Balance Equation and Phosphorus Cycling 252 // 17.5 Sediment Phosphorus Release // and Phytoplankton Production 255 // 17.6 Phosphorus Control, Internal Loading, and

Lake Management 256 // 17.7 The Empirical Modeling of Phosphorus 261 // 17.8 The Dynamic Modeling of Phosphorus 265 // CHAPTER 18 // Nitrogen Cycling 270 // 18.1 Introduction: The Atmosphere, the Land, and the Water 270 // 18.2 Nitrogen Transformation Processes 272 // 18.3 Nitrification 273 // 18.4 Denitrification 275 // ?* CONTENTS // 18.5 Nitrogen Fixation: Rates and Process 277 // 18.6 Nitrogen Fixation Rates: Plankton vs Littoral Zone 279 // 18.7 Forms and Quantities of Nitrogen in Inland Waters 280 // CHAPTER 19 // Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur 284 // 19.1 Introduction 284 // 19.2 Iron Cycling 284 // 19.3 Iron and Sulfur 287 // 19.4 Iron and Organic Matter 288 // 19.5 The Manganese Cycle 288 // 19.6 Iron, Manganese, and Trace Metals 289 // CHAPTER 20 // Particle Sedimentation and Sediments 292 // 20.1 Introduction 292 // 20.2 Origin and Distribution of Sediments 292 // 20.3 Sedimentation and Sediment Traps 296 // 20.4 Sinking Velocities and Sedimentation Rates 299 // 20.5 The Sediment Record 302 // 20.6 Dating Sediments 305 // 20.7 Profundal Sediment Characteristics 307 // CHAPTER 21 // The Phytoplankton 309 // 21.1 Introduction 3 09 // 21.2 Species Composition and Phylogenetic Generalities 311 // 21.3 Phytoplankton Size and Activity: Small Cells vs Large Cells 319 // 21.4 Seasonal Biomass Cycles: A Conceptual Model 322 // 21.5 The Composition of Phytoplankton Cells 327 // 21.6 Algal Sedimentation and Buoyancy Control 329 // 21.7 Parasitism and Disease 331 // 21.8 Photosynthesis,

Light, and Temperature 333 // 21.9 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth 333 // 21.10 Primary Production in Nature 334 // 21.11 Production: Biomass (P:B) Ratios // and Specific Growth Rates in Nature 338 // 21.12 Limiting Nutrients // and Eutrophication 341 // 21.13 Nitrogen vs Phosphorus 3 43 // 21.14 Empirical Nutrient-Phytoplankton Relationships 345 // 21.15 The Maximum Phytoplankton Biomass 346 // CHAPTER 22 The Bacteria 349 // 22.1 Introduction 349 // 22.2 From Past to Present 350 // 22.3 Bacterial Size, Form, // and Metabolism 351 // 22.4 Abundance, Biomass, // and Distribution 353 // 22.5 Heterotrophic Bacterial Abundance and Environmental Factors 355 // 22.6 Resource Limitation vs Grazing Control of Bacterial Abundance 3 60 // 22.7 Heterotrophic Bacteria: Production, Losses, // and System Contribution 361 // 22.8 Viruses 362 // 22.9 The Microbial Food Web 363 // 22.10 Photosynthetic Bacteria 368 // 22.11 Heterotrophic Sediment Bacteria 373 // CHAPTER 23 Zooplankton 376 // 23.1 Introduction 376 // 23.2 Zooplankton Sampling 377 // 23.3 Protozoa, Rotifers, and Crustaceans 379 // 23.4 Species Richness and Its Prediction 384 // CONTENTS xi // 23.5 Seasonal Cycles 386 // 23.6 Long-term Variation in Zooplankton Abundance 389 // 23.7 Top-down Control of Zooplankton 391 // 23.8 Biomanipulation and Lake Management 393 // 23.9 Chaoborus: The Phantom Midge 3 96 // 23.10 Zooplankton Feeding 398 // 23.11 Nutrient Cycling and Zooplankton 3 99 // 23.12 Resource Availability and Zooplankton

// Biomass 400 // 23.13 Zooplankton Production 401 // 23.14 Diel Migration and // Cyclomorphosis 404 // CHAPTER 24 Benthic Plants 408 // 24.1 Introduction 408 // 24.2 Wetlands and Their Utilization 410 // 24.3 Macrophyte Distribution and Species // Richness 412 // 24.4 Macrophyte Biomass and Its Determinants 414 // 24.5 Submerged Macrophyte Distribution: Light and Lake Morphometry 417 // 24.6 Submerged Macrophyte Distributions and Plant Nutrients 420 // 24.7 Submerged Macrophyte Distribution and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC): A Physiological Exploration 421 // 24.8 Plant Size, Community Structure, and Function 422 // 24.9 Attached Algae 424 // 24.10 Eutrophication and Benthic Plants 427 // 24.11 Lake Management and Macrophytes 430 // CHAPTER 25 // Zoobenthos 435 // 25.1 Introduction 435 // 25.2 Taxonomic Distribution, Species Richness, and Abundance 436 // 25.3 Life-History Aspects 437 // 25.4 Lake Morphometry, Substrate Characteristics, and the Zoobenthos 438 // 25.5 Resource and Predation Control 444 // 25.6 The Zebra Mussel: A Keystone Species 446 // 25.7 The Zoobenthos and Energy Flow in Lakes 448 // CHAPTER 26 // Fish and Water Birds 451 // 26.1 Introduction 451 // 26.2 Fish Species and Species Richness 452 // 26.3 Life-History Attributes and Population Dynamics of Age-0 Fish 455 // 26.4 Fish Growth: Determinants and Measurement 458 // 26.5 Fisheries and Fisheries Management 463 // 26.6 The Biology of a Temperate Zone Fish // and a Tropical Fish: Perch and Tilapia 465

// 26.7 Predicting Fish Biomass, Production, and Yield 468 // 26.8 Aquaculture and Water Quality 472 // 26.9 Water Birds 475 // CHAPTER 27 // Acidification of Waterways 478 // 27.1 Introduction 47 8 // 27.2 Sources and Distributions 478 // 27.3 Acid-Sensitive Waters 481 // 27.4 Characteristics of Acid-Sensitive Waters and Catchments 483 // 27.5 Catchments and Lake Acidification: Wet and Dry Deposition 484 // 27.6 Neutralization and Buffering Processes in Catchments 484 // 27.7 Buffering Capacity of Lakes, Rivers, and Wetlands 486 // 27.8 Aluminum and Other Toxic Metals 487 // 27.9 Effects of Acidification on the Aquatic Biota 488 // 27.10 Modeling the Acidification Process 493 // xii CONTENTS // 27.11 Lake Management: Recovering from // Acidification 496 // 27.12 The Future 497 // CHAPTER 28 Contaminants 500 // 28.1 Introduction 500 // 28.2 Toxic Substances 504 // 28.3 Sources of Contaminants 506 // 28.4 The Fate of Contaminants 508 // 28.5 The Sediment Record 511 // 28.6 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Contaminants and Their Distribution in Nature 512 // 28.7 Toxicity and Its Prediction 513 // 28.8 Bioaccumulation // and Biomagnification 517 // 28.9 Mercury and the Mercury Cycle 519 // 28.10 Toxic Chemicals, Environmental Health, // and Aquatic Management 522 // CHAPTER 29 // Reservoirs 523 // 29.1 Introduction 523 // 29.2 Natural Lakes and Reservoirs 524 // 29.3 The River-Lake-Reservoir Continuum 529 // 29.4 Water Residence Time and Plankton Growth Rates 530 // 29.5

Reservoir Zonation: A Conceptual View 531 // 29.6 Drawdowns 532 // 29.7 Reservoir Aging and the Trophic Upsurge 533 // 29.8 Large Reservoirs and Their Impacts 535 // APPENDIX 1 // International Organization for Standardization of Country Codes 537 // APPENDIX 2 // Conversion Factors for Selected Elements and Reported Species 538 // BIBLIOGRAPHY 539 // INLAND WATERS INDEX 573 // SUBJECT INDEX // 579