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0 (hodnocen0 x )

(1) Půjčeno:1x 

BK

Thousand Oaks : Sage, c2006

xx, 252 s. : il., mapy ; 25 cm

ISBN 0-7619-2873-1 (brož.)

Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

000179198

Preface xv // Organization of This book xvi // Chapter Summaries xvii // Introduction 1 // Social Inequality in Chicago Slums 3 // Railroads as Indicators of Civilized Society 4 // Early Social Ecology: Spatial Studies of Chicago 4 // Relevant Web Sites 5 // 1. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems 7 // What Is a Geographic Information System? 7 // Understanding GIS 9 // The “G” in GIS 9 // Difficulties With the “G” 10 // Expanding the “G” 12 // The “? in GIS 12 // Extending the “I” 13 // The “S” in GIS 13 // Difficulties With the “S” 14 // Summary 15 // Relevant Web Sites 16 // 2. GIS Basics 17 // An Example of a Spatially Based Study 18 // GIS Data Formats 20 // Spatial Data Formats 21 // GIS Data Models 21 // Vector GIS 22 // Raster GIS 23 // Topological and Raster Data Models and Analysis // Approaches 24 // Data Compression and Packaging 25 // Essential Mapping Concepts 26 // Scale 26 // Projections and Coordinates 27 // A Bit About Datums 30 // So What Do I Do? 30 // GIS Output 31 // Summary 33 // Relevant Web Sites 33 // Suggested Reading 34 // 3. Topics for Sociospatial Research 35 // Introduction 36 // What Value Does GIS Present in Social Science Research? 36 // Exploring and Integrating Information 36 // Seeking Relationships 38 // Thinking Critically 38 // Acknowledging Differences 39 // Finding Common Ground 40 // Determining Project Goals 41 // Guiding Questions 42 // Questions About Concept 42 // Questions About Data 43 // Questions About Location 44 // Questions for Analysis 45 // How To: Steps in the Process 47 // Public Health Example 47 // Relevant Web Sites 48 // 4. Research Design 51 // Inductive Versus Deductive Approach to Research 52 // What Is the Purpose of Your Research? 52 // Descriptive Research 52 // Exploration 53 // Explanation 53 // Stages of Sociospatial Research for Deductive Research 54 //

Choose a Topic 55 // Define the Problem 55 // Conduct a Literature Review 56 // Develop a Hypothesis 57 // Develop a Conceptual Framework 59 // Choose Research Methods 60 // Operationalization—Measurement 62 // Collect and Prepare Data 62 // Ground Truth the Data 63 // Analyze the Data 64 // Share Results 65 // The Role of Time 65 // Cross-Sectional Studies 66 // Longitudinal Studies 67 // Errors in Human Inquiry 68 // Ecological Fallacy 70 // Ethics and GIS 70 // Privacy and Data Aggregation 71 // Primary and Secondary Data 74 // Accuracy Considerations 75 // Relevant Web Sites 76 // Suggested Reading 76 // 5. Qualitative Research Methods and GIS 77 // Introduction 77 // Grounded Theory: GIS Using an Inductive Approach 78 // Grounded Theory and GIS 78 // Sociospatial Grounded Theory Using GIS 80 // Determine a Topic of Interest 80 // Determine a Geographic Location of Interest 80 // Collect the Data 81 // Geocode the Data 81 // Ground Truth the Data 82 // Analyze Data and Look for Spatial and Social Patterns 83 Generate Theory (Spatial and Social) 83 // Questions to Guide Integration of GIS Into Field Research 84 // GIS Software in the Field 85 // Maps of Your Research Area 85 // Ground Truth of Map Data 86 // Cultural Perceptions of Technology 87 // Access to Results 88 // Local Sources of Data 88 // Oral History Interviews 89 // GIS and Oral History 89 // Participant Observation 90 // News as a Source of Data 91 // Ethnography and GIS 92 // Case Studies and GIS 93 // Public Participation and GIS 94 // Relevant Web Sites 96 // 6. GIS Data Collection and Development // (Sources, Input, and Output) 97 // Introduction 98 // Data Acquisition 98 // Evaluating Data Suitability 99 // Obtaining GIS Data From the Internet 100 // Obtaining Data From Offline Sources 103 // How Can I Use My Own Data? 104 // Approaching the Use of GIS With and Without a Computer in Field 105 //

GIS Without a Field Computer 105 // GIS With a Field Computer 105 // Data Collection Considerations 106 // Address Matching 107 // Using a GPS 107 // Creating Base Maps From Scratch 108 // Unit of Analysis 109 // Database Concepts and GIS 111 // Rules for GIS Database Development 111 // Creating GIS-Friendly Data Tables 112 // Space and Case 112 // Data Format and Coding Considerations 114 // Software Output Formats 116 // Integrating Other Types of Data 117 // GIS Output 118 // Data Visualization 118 // Statistical Output 120 // Exporting Data to Other Applications 121 // Conclusions 121 // Relevant Web Sites 122 // 7. Measurement 125 // Introduction 126 // Type of Data Source: Primary or Secondary 126 // Concepts, Variables, and Attributes 128 // Operationalization of Concepts in GIS 128 // Different Data Types: Matching Geographic and Social Variables? 130 // Nominal Data 131 // Ordinal Data 132 // Interval Data 133 // Ratio Data 134 // Validity and Reliability 134 // Validity and GIS 135 // Reliability and GIS 135 // Data Sampling and GIS 138 // Probability and Nonprobability Sampling 138 // Nonprobability Sampling 139 // Purposive Sampling 140 // Available Subjects 140 // Snowball Sampling 141 // Quota Sampling 141 // Random sampling 142 // Study Area and Sample Unit Boundaries 142 // Edge Effects 142 // The Modifiable Area Unit Problem 144 // Selecting Boundaries 144 // Factors Affecting Choice of GIS Variables 147 // Relevant Web Sites 147 // Suggested Reading 148 // 8. Data Documentation and Model Development 149 // The Importance of Ground Truthing Data 150 // Documenting Data Accuracy and Quality (Metadata) 150 // Analytical Approach 152 // Phases of Abstraction 153 // Reality 153 // Conceptual Data Model: Incorporating GIS 154 // Logical Data Model 156 // Open Source GIS 158 // Physical Data Model 159 // Statistical Outputs From GIS 159 //

Relevant Web Sites 160 // 9. Analysis, Interpretation, and Application 161 // Analysis Techniques 162 // Cartographic Classification 163 // Buffer and Overlay 165 // Buffer 165 // Overlay 167 // Proximity Polygons and Nearest Neighbors 168 // Social Networks and Network Analysis 170 // Network Analysis 172 // Least Cost Path 175 // Topographic Tools 179 // Spatial Interpolation and Simulation 180 // Modeling 186 // Raster Modeling 187 // When to Use GIS as a Problem-Solving Tool 189 // Potential Pitfalls 189 // Revisiting the Accessibility Example 190 // Test It 191 // Virtual Reality: Still Not Reality 191 // Relevant Web Sites 192 // 10. Future Opportunities for Social Research and GIS 195 // Linking GIS and the Social Sciences 196 // Using GIS to Study Society and Change 197 // Identifying Social Inequality 198 // GIS City Case Example 199 // Developing Community Profiles 200 // North Town 200 // East Side 200 // South Town 200 // Factors Affecting Choice of GIS Variables 201 // Stages of Sociospatial Research for Deductive Research 202 Finding Sociodemographic Data 204 // Surveys 205 // Focus Groups 206 // Data Capture as a Visualization Process 208 // Government and GIS 210 // Data Continuity Over Time 211 // Metadata Documentation of Your Data 211 // Future Directions for GIS and Social Sciences 212 // Visualization and GIS 212 // Faster Response Time 213 // Impact of Tools for the Future 214 // Parting Thoughts 214 // Some Suggestions for Student Research Projects 215 // Relevant Web Sites 216 // Glossary 217 // Web Links 237 // References 243 // Index 245 // About the Authors 251