.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

(3) Půjčeno:3x 

BK

Champaign : Human Kinetics, c1990

ix, 362 s. : il. ; 24 cm

ISBN 0-87322-268-7 (váz.)

Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy

000197216

Contents // Preface vii // List of Contributors ix // Chapter 1 The Mechanics of Distance Running: // A Historical Perspective 1 // —Peter R. Cavanagh // Locomotion as a Field of Study 1 Increased Interest in Distance Running 2 The Greek Influence—Aristotle 3 // The European Intellectual Revival—Leonardo da Vinci 5 The 17th-Century Scientific Revolution—Newton and Borelli 8 The Era of Observation—The Weber Brothers and the Pendulum Theory 10 // The Age of Instrumentation—The Marey School and Vierordt 12 Mathematical Methods—Braune and Fischer 20 Photographic Frenzy—Eadweard Muybridge 22 The Muscle Men Discover Running Mechanics—Hill and Fenn 24 Soviet Science—Bernstein 27 // Insight Into Muscle Action—Elftman and Hubbard 28 A Rounded Approach—Boje and Margaria 30 Concluding Remarks 31 References 31 // Chapter 2 Stride Length in Distance Running: Velocity, // Body Dimensions, and Added Mass Effects 35 // —Peter R. Cavanagh, Rodger Kram // Subjects 36 Methods 36 // Part 1: The Relationship Between Running Velocity, SL, and SF 38 // Part 2: The Relationship Between Anthropometric Variables and SL 44 // iv Contents // Part 3: The Effects of Added Mass 54 Concluding Comments 57 References 57 Appendix A 61 Appendix ? 62 // Chapter 3 Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the // Lower Extremity During Distance Running 65 // —Monica J. Milliron, Peter R. Cavanagh // A Review of the Literature 69 // A Coherent Data Set for Several Speeds and Grades 79 // Concluding Remarks

97 // Acknowledgments 97 // References 97 // Appendix 100 // Chapter 4 Upper Extremity Function in Distance Running 107 // —Richard N. Hinrichs // Descriptions of "Ideal Form" 108 Summary of the Author’s Research 111 General Discussion 128 Summary 130 References 131 // Chapter 5 Rearfoot Motion in Distance Running 135 // —Christopher J. Edington, E.C. Frederick, Peter R. Cavanagh // Methods of Measurement 135 Typical Results 148 // Factors Affecting Rearfoot Kinematics 152 Shoe Design Effects 155 Orthoses 158 Concluding Remarks 160 References 161 // Chapter 6 Muscle Activity in Running 165 // Irene S. McClay, Mark J. Lake, Peter R. Cavanagh // Review of the Literature 166 The Phasic Action of Individual Muscles 171 Changes in EMG With Running Speed 176 The Stretch-Shortening Phenomenon 177 The Extensor Paradox Experiment 179 References 184 // Contents v // Chapter 7 The Lessons From Animal Studies 187 // —R. McNeill Alexander // Size, Speed, and Gait 187 Stresses in Muscles 190 Tendon Elasticity 193 Padded Feet 197 Conclusion 200 References 200 // Chapter 8 Ground Reaction Forces in Distance Running 203 // —Doris I. Miller // Theoretical Basis 204 Methodology and Instrumentation 205 Ground Reaction Force Characteristics 208 Quo Vadis GRF??? 221 References 222 // Chapter 9 Transmission and Attenuation // of Heelstrike Accelerations 225 // —Gordon A. Valiant // What Is Acceleration? 225 // Measurement of Accelerations at the Shank 226 Implied Relationship Between Acceleration

and Injury 231 Role Played by the Heel Pad for Cushioning 233 Comparison Between Shank Accelerations and Head Accelerations 237 // Characterization of Accelerations in the Frequency Domain 242 Summary 243 Acknowledgments 244 References 244 // Chapter 10 Biomechanical Aspects of // Distance Running Injuries 249 // —Stanley L. James, Donald C. Jones // Relationship of Biomechanical Abnormalities With Running Injuries 251 Alignment Problems in Runners 258 General Problems 261 // Benefits of Combining Qinical Evaluation and Laboratory Studies 265 // vi Contents // Conclusion 266 References 267 // Chapter 11 Relationships Between Distance Running // Biomechanics and Running Economy 271 // —Keith R. Williams // Running Economy and Performance 272 Measurement Considerations 275 Mechanisms Relating Running Economy and Running Mechanics 281 // Relationships Between Economy and Selected Biomechanical Variables 283 // Relationships With Economy Derived From Comprehensive Sets of Variables 293 Implications for Future Research 297 Summary 299 References 300 // Chapter 12 Scale Effects in Distance Running 307 // —E.C. Frederick // Theory 308 // Hill’s Predictions and Beyond 309 Scaling and Human Running 310 Summary 317 References 318 // Chapter 13 Gender Differences in Distance Running 321 // —Anne E. (Betty) Atwater // Performance Records 322 // Physical Similarities and Differences Between the Sexes 324 Gender-Related Biomechanical Aspects of Running 335 Gender Differences in Overuse Injuries of Runners 344 Summary and Concluding Statement 352 Acknowledgments 354 References 354