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BK

Encyklopedie

6th ed.

Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2011

xviii, 974 s. : il. ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-0-7817-7200-6 (brož.)

Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

000197790

Contents // Preface | vii Acknowledgments | ix // 1. METHODS I 1 // Overview of Methods Used in Histology | 1 Tissue Preparation | 2 Histochemistry and Cytochemistry | 3 Microscopy I 13 // Folder 1.1 Clinical Correlation: Frozen Sections | 4 // Folder 1.2 Functional Considerations: Feulgen Microspectrophotometry | 7 // Folder 1.3 Clinical Correlation: Monoclonal Antibodies in Medicine | 9 // Folder 1.4 Proper Use of the Light Microscope | 11 // 2. CELL CYTOPLASM | 22 // Overview of the Cell and Cytoplasm | 22 Membranous Organelles | 25 Nonmembranous Organelles | 56 Inclusions I 71 Cytoplasmic Matrix | 73 // Folder 2.1 Clinical Correlation: Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 42 // Folder 2.2 Clinical Correlation: Abnormalities in Microtubules and Filaments | 68 // Folder 2.3 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Duplication of Centrioles and Cancer | 72 // 3. THE CELL NUCLEUS | 75 // Overview of the Nucleus | 75 Nuclear Components | 75 Cell Renewal | 84 Cell Cycle | 86 Cell Death | 93 // Folder 3.1 Clinical Correlation: Cytogenetic Testing | 80 // Folder 3.2 Clinical Correlation: Regulation of Cell Cycle and Cancer Treatment | 81 // 4. TISSUES: CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION | 98 // Overview of Tissues | 98 Epithelium | 99 Connective Tissue | 99 Muscle Tissue | 100 Nerve Tissue | 101 Histogenesis of Tissues | 102 Identifying Tissues | 102 // Folder 4.1 Clinical Correlation: Ovarian Teratomas | 103 // 5. EPITHELIAL TISSUE 105 // Overview of Epithelial Structure and Function | 105 Classification

of Epithelium | 106 Cell Polarity | 107 // The Apical Domain and its Modifications | 109 The Lateral Domain and its Specializations in Cell-To-Cell Adhesion | 121 The Basal Domain and its Specializations in Cell-To-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion | 134 Glands I 146 // Epithelial Cell Renewal | 150 // Folder 5.1 Folder 5.2 // Folder 5.3 // Folder 5.4 // Folder 5.5 // Atlas Plates Plate 1 // Plate 2 Plate 3 // Clinical Correlation: Epithelial Metaplasia | 109 // Clinical Correlation: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia | 120 // Clinical Correlation: Junctional Complexes as a Target of Pathogenic Agents | 128 // Functional Considerations: Basement Membrane and Basal Lamina Terminology | 138 // Functional Considerations: Mucus and Serous Membranes | 150 // Simple Squamous and Cuboidal Epithelia | 152 // Simple and Stratified Epithelia | 154 Stratified Epithelia and Epithe o d Tissues I 156 // 6. CONNECTIVE TISSUE 1 58 // General Structure and Function of Connective Tissue ! 158 Embryonic Connective Tissue j 159 Connective Tissue Proper 160 Connective Tissue Fibers | 161 Extracellular Matrix j 173 Connective Tissue Cells | 178 // Folder 6.1 Folder 6.2 // Folder 6.3 // Folder 6.4 // Folder 6.5 // Clinical Correlation: Collagenopathies | 170 // Clinical Correlation: Sun Exposure and Molecular Changes in Photoaged Skin | 173 // Clinical Correlation: Role of Myofibroblasts in Wound Repair | 183 // Functional Considerations: The Mononuclear Phagocytotic System | 185 Clinical Correlation: The Role

of Mast Cells and Basophils in Allergic Reactions | 188 // Atlas Plates // Plate 4 Loose and Dense Irregular Connective // Tissue I 192 // Plate 5 Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Tendons, and // Ligaments | 194 // Plate 6 Elastic Fibers and Elastic Lamellae | 196 // 7. CARTILAGE | 198 // Overview of Cartilage | 198 Hyaline Cartilage | 199 Elastic Cartilage | 204 Fibrocartilage | 204 // Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Growth | 206 // Repair of Hyaline Cartilage | 207 // Folder 7.1 Clinical Correlation: Osteoarthritis | 199 // Folder 7.2 Clinical Correlation: Malignant Tumors of the Cartilage; Chondrosarcomas | 208 // Atlas Plates // Plate 7 Hyaline Cartilage | 210 // Plate 8 Cartilage and the Developing Skeleton | 212 // Plate 9 Elastic Cartilage | 214 // Plate 10 Fibrocartilage | 216 // 8. BONE I 218 // Overview of Bone | 218 Bones and Bone Tissue | 219 General Structure of Bones | 220 Cells of Bone Tissue | 223 Bone Formation | 232 // Biologic Mineralization and Matrix Vesicles | 241 Physiologic Aspects of Bone | 242 // Clinical Correlation: Joint Diseases | 221 Clinical Correlation: Osteoporosis | 233 // Clinical Correlation: Nutritional Factors n Bone Formation | 234 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth | 242 // Atlas Plates // Plate 11 Bone, Ground Section | 244 // Plate 12 Bone and Bone Tissue | 246 // Plate 13 Endochondral Bone Formation 11 248 // Plate 14 Endochondral Bone Formation II | 250 // Plate 15 Intramembranous Bone Formation | 252 // ADIPOSE

TISSUE | 254 // Overview of Adipose Tissue | 254 White Adipose Tissue | 254 Brown Adipose Tissue | 259 // Folder 9.1 Folder 9.2 Folder 9.3 // Atlas Plates Plate16 // Clinical Correlation: Obesity | 261 // Clinical Correlation: Adipose Tissue Tumors | 262 // Clinical Correlation: PET Scanning and Brown Adipose Tissue Interference | 264 // Adipose Tissue | 266 // IO. BLOOD I 268 // Overview of Blood | 268 // Plasma | 269 // Erythrocytes | 270 // Leukocytes | 275 // Thrombocytes | 286 // Formation of Blood Cells (Hemopoiesis) | 289 // Bone Marrow | 298 // Folder 10.1 Clinical Correlation: ABO and Rh Blood Group Systems | 273 // Folder 10.2 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin in Patients with Diabetes | 274 // Folder 10.3 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Disorders | 276 // Folder 10.4 Clinical Correlation: Inherited Disorders of // Neutrophils; Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) I 281 // Folder 10.5 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Breakdown and Jaundice | 281 // Folder 10.6 Clinical Correlation: Cellularity of the Bone Marrow I 300 // Atlas Plates Plate 17 Plate 18 Plate 19 Plate 20 // Erythrocytes and Granulocytes | 302 Agranulocytes and Red Marrow | 304 Erythropoiesis | 306 Granulopoiesis | 308 // 11. MUSCLE TISSUE | 31 ? // Overview and Classification of Muscle | 310 Skeletal Muscle | 311 Cardiac Muscle | 327 Smooth Muscle | 331 // Folder 11.1 Functional Considerations: Muscle Metabolism and Ischemia | 316 // Folder 11.2 Clinical Correlation: Muscular DystrophiesDystrophin and Dystrophin-

Associated Proteins I 319 // xiv // FoWer 11.3 Functional Considerations: The Sliding Rlament Model | 323 // Folder 11.4 Clinical Correlation: Myasthenia Gravis | 325 // Folder 11.5 Functional Considerations: Comparison of the Three Muscle Types | 337 // Adas Plates Plate 21 Skeletal Muscle 11 340 // Plate 22 Skeletal Muscle II and Electron Microscopy | 342 // Plate 23 Myotendinal Junction | 344 // Plate 24 Cardiac Muscle | 346 // Plate 25 Cardiac Muscle, Purkinje Fibers | 348 // Plate 26 Smooth Muscle | 350 // • 2 NERVE TISSUE 352 // Overview of the Nervous System | 352 Composition of Nerve Tissue | 353 The Neuron | 353 // Supporting Cells of the Nervous System; // The Neuroglia | 363 // Origin of Nerve Tissue Cells | 373 // Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System | 375 // Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System | 378 // Organization of the Central Nervous System | 381 // Response of Neurons to Injury | 386 // Fo aer 12.1 Clinical Correlation: Parkinson’s Disease | 358 // ’older 12.2 Clinical Correlation: Demyelinating Diseases | 366 // Folder 12.3 Clinical Correlation: Gliosis: Scar formation in the CNS I 389 // Atlas Plates Plate 27 // Plate 28 Plate 29 Plate 30 Plate 31 // Sympathetic and Dorsal Root Ganglia | 390 // Peripheral Nerve | 392 // Cerebrum | 394 // Cerebellum | 396 // Spinal Cord I 398 // * 3 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 400 // Overview of the Cardiovascular System | 400 Heart I 402 // General Features of Arteries and Veins | 408 // Arteries | 414 // Capillaries

| 421 // Arteriovenous Shunts | 423 // Veins I 424 // Atypical Blood Vessels | 426 Lymphatic Vessels | 427 // Folder 13.1 Folder 13.2 Folder 13.3 Atlas Plates Plate 32 // Plate 33 Plate 34 Plate 35 // Clinical Correlation: Atherosclerosis | 411 Clinical Correlation: Hypertension | 416 Clinical Correlation: Ischemic Heart Disease | 429 // Heart I 432 Aorta I 434 // Muscular Arteries and Veins | 436 Arterioles, Venules, and Lymphatic Vessels | 438 // 14. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 440 // Overview of the Lymphatic System 440 Cells of the Lymphatic System | 441 Lymphatic Tissues and Organs | 453 // Folder 14.1 Functional Considerations: Origin of the // Names T Lymphocyte and ? Lymphocyte | 447 // Folder 14.2 Clinical Correlation: Hypersensitivity Reactions | 447 // Folder 14.3 Clinical Correlation: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | 455 // Folder 14.4 Clinical Correlation: Reactive (Inflammatory) Lymphadenitis | 466 // Atlas Plates // Plate 36 Palatine Tonsil | 476 Plate 37 Lymph Node 11 478 Plate 38 Lymph Node II I 480 // Plate 39 Spleen 11 482 // Plate 40 Spleen II | 484 // Plate 41 Thymus | 486 // 15. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 488 // Overview of the Integumentary System | 488 Layers of the Skin | 489 Cells of the Epidermis | 493 Structures of Skin | 501 // Folder 15.1 Clinical Correlation: Cancers of Epidermal Origin I 492 // Folder 15.2 Functional Considerations: Skin Color | 499 Folder 15.3 Functional Considerations: Hair Growth and Hair Characteristics

| 504 Folder 15.4 Functional Considerations: The Role of Sebum I 505 // Folder 15.5 // Folder 15.6 // Atlas Plates Plate 42 // Plate 43 Plate 44 Plate 45 Plate 46 Plate 47 // Clinical Correlation: Sweating and Disease | 507 // Clinical Correlation: Skin Repair | 512 // Skin 11 514 Skin III 516 // Apocrine and Eccrine Sweat Glands | 518 Sweat and Sebaceous Glands | 520 Integument and Sensory Organs | 522 Hair Follicle and Nail | 524 // 16. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I: // ORAL CAVITY AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES 526 // Overview of the Digestive System 526 Oral Cavity | 527 Tongue | 529 // Teeth and Supporting Tissues 534 Salivary Glands 545 // Folder 16.1 Clinical Correlation: The Genetic Basis of Taste I 533 // XV // Folder 16.2 Clinical Correlation: Classification of Permanent (Secondary) and Deciduous (Primary) Dentition | 534 // Folder 16.3 Clinical Correlation: Dental Caries | 547 // Folder 16.4 Atlas Plates Clinical Correlation: Salivary Gland Tumors | 555 // Plate 48 Lip, A Mucocutaneous Junction | 556 // Plate 49 Tongue I | 558 // Plate 50 Tongue II - Foliate Papillae and Taste Buds | 560 // Plate 51 Submandibular Gland | 562 // Plate 52 Parotid Gland | 564 // Plate 53 Sublingual Gland | 566 // Folder 18.3 Functional Considerations: Insulin Production and Alzheimer’s Disease | 655 // Folder 18.4 Functional Considerations: Insulin // Synthesis, an Example of Posttranslational Processing | 655 // Atlas Plates Plate 65 Liver I j 656 // Plate 66 Liver II I 658 // Plate 67 Gallbladder

| 660 // Plate 68 Pancreas | 662 // 19. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 664 // 17. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II: ESOPHAGUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT I 568 // Overview of the Esophagus and Gastrointestinal // Tract I 569 // Esophagus | 572 // Stomach | 574 // Small Intestine | 586 // Large Intestine | 597 // Folder 17.1 Clinical Correlation: Pernicious Anemia and Peptic Ulcer Disease | 578 // Folder 17.2 Clinical Correlation: Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome | 580 // Folder 17.3 Functional Considerations: The Gastrointestinal Endocrine System | 581 // Folder 17.4 Functional Considerations: Digestive and Absorptive Functions of Enterocytes | 587 // Folder 17.5 Functional Considerations: Immune Functions of the Alimentary Canal | 595 // Folder 17.6 Clinical Correlation: The Pattern of Lymph Vessel Distribution and Diseases of the Large Intestine | 602 // Atlas Plates // Plate 54 Esophagus | 606 // Plate 55 Esophagus And Stomach, Cardiac Region | 608 // Plate 56 Stomach 11 610 // Plate 57 Stomach II | 612 // Plate 58 Gastroduodenal Junction | 614 // Plate 59 Duodenum | 616 // Plate 60 Jejunum | 618 // Plate 61 Ileum | 620 // Plate 62 Colon | 622 // Plate 63 Appendix | 624 // Plate 64 Anal Canal | 626 // 18. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III: LIVER, // GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS | 628 Uver 628 Gallbladder 643 Pancreas 647 // Folde’ 18.1 G real Correlation: Lipoproteins | 630 // Folder 18.2 Oncal Correlation: Congestive Heart Panare and Liver Necrosis | 635 // Overview of the Respiratory System | 664 // Nasal Cavities | 665

// Pharynx j 670 // Larynx I 670 // Trachea | 670 // Bronchi I 676 // Bronchioles | 677 // Alveoli I 678 // Blood Supply I 687 // Lymphatic Vessels | 687 // Nerves | 687 // Folder 19.1 Clinical Correlations: Squamous Metaplasia in the Respiratory Tract | 672 // Folder 19.2 Clinical Correlations: Cystic Fibrosis | 685 // Folder 19.3 Clinical Correlations: Emphysema and Pneumonia | 686 // Atlas Plates Plate 69 // Plate 70 Plate 71 Plate 72 Plate 73 // Olfactory Mucosa | 688 Larynx I 690 Trachea | 692 // Bronchioles and End Respiratory Passages | 694 // Terminal Bronchiole, Respiratory Bronchiole, and Alveolus | 696 // 20. URINARY SYSTEM | 698 // Overview of the Urinary System | 698 General Structure of the Kidney | 699 Kidney Tubule Function | 714 Interstitial Cells | 720 Histophysiology of the Kidney | 720 Blood Supply I 721 Lymphatic Vessels | 723 Nerve Supply | 723 // Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra | 723 // Folder 20.1 Functional Considerations: Kidney and Vitamin D | 699 // Folder 20.2 Clinical Correlation: Antiglomerular Basement // Membrane Antibody-Induced Glomerulonephritis; Goodpasture Syndrome | 712 // Folder 20.3 Clinical Correlation: Examination of the Urine-Urinalysis | 714 Folder 20.4 Clinical Correlation: // Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Hypertension | 714 // XY1 // FoWer 20.5 Functional Considerations: Structure and Function of Aquaporin Water Channels | 717 // FoWer 20.6 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Collecting Duct Function

| 721 // Alias Plates Plate 74 KIDNEY 1 1 728 // Plate 75 KIDNEY ll| 730 // Plate 76 KIDNEY III 1 732 // Plate 77 KIDNEY IV 1 734 // Plate 78 URETERI 736 // Plate 79 URINARY BLADDER] 738 // Folder 22.4 Clinical Correlation: Benign Prostabo Hypertrophy and Cancer of the Prostate | 811 // Folder 22.5 Clinical Correlation: Mechanism of Erection and Erectile Dysfunction | 815 // Atlas Plates Plate 86 Testis 1 1 818 // Plate 87 Testis II1 820 // Plate 88 Efferent Ductules and Epididymis | 822 // Plate 89 Spermatic Cord and Ductus Deferens | 824 // Plate 90 Prostate Gland | 826 // Plate 91 Seminal Vesicle | 828 // 21 ENDOCRINE ORGANS 740 // Overview of the Endocrine System | 740 // Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) | 742 // Hypothalamus | 751 // Pineal Gland | 752 // Thyroid Gland | 755 // Parathyroid Glands | 760 // Adrenal Glands | 762 // Folder 21.1 // Folder 21.2 // FoWer 21.3 // Folder 21.4 Folder 21.5 // Folder 21.6 // ~zas Plates Plate 80 // Rate 81 Piate 82 Plate 83 Plate 84 Piate 85 // Functional Considerations: Regulation of Pituitary Gland Secretion | 743 // Clinical Correlation: Principles of Endocrine Diseases | 750 // Clinical Correlation: Pathologies Associated with ADH Secretion | 753 // Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Thyroid Function | 758 // Clinical Correlation: Chromaffin Cells and Pheochromocytoma | 766 // Functional Considerations: Biosynthesis of Adrenal Hormones | 769 // Pituitary 11 772 Pituitary II I 774 Pineal Gland | 776 // Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands | 778

Adrenal Gland 11 780 Adrenal Gland II | 782 // 22 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 784 Overview of the Male Reproductive System | 784 Testis ! 784 // Spermatogenesis | 792 Sen-iiniferous Tubules | 798 Irtratesticular Ducts | 802 Excurrent Duct System | 803 Accessory Sex Glands | 808  ostate Gland | 808 Semen 813 Penis 813 // FoWer 22.1 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis | 788 // FoWer 22.2 Clinical Correlation: Factors Affecting Spermatogenesis | 789 // Fo car 22.3 Clinical Correlation: Sperm-Specific Antigens and the Immune Response I 803 // 23. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I 830 // Overview of the Female Reproductive System | 830 // Ovary I 831 // Uterine Tubes | 845 // Uterus I 848 // Placenta | 854 // Vagina | 860 // External Genitalia | 861 // Mammary Glands | 863 // Folder 23.1 // Folder 23.2 Folder 23.3 // Folder 23.4 // Folder 23.5 Folder 23.6 // Folder 23.7 // Atlas Plates Plate 92 // Plate 93 Plate 94 Plate 95 Plate 96 Plate 97 Plate 98 Plate 99 Plate 100 Plate 101 Plate 102 Plate 103 // Clinical Correlation: Polycystic Ovarian Disease | 839 // Clinical Correlation: In Vitro Fertilization | 844 // Functional Considerations: Summary of Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle | 846 // Clinical Correlation: Fate of the Mature Placenta at Birth | 860 // Clinical Correlation: Cytologic Pap Smears | 862 // Clinical Correlation: Cervix and HPV Infections I 868 // Functional Considerations: Lactation and Infertility I 870 // Ovary 11 872 Ovary II I 874

Corpus Luteum | 876 Uterine Tube | 878 Uterus 11 880 Uterus II I 882 Cervix I 884 Placenta 11 886 Placenta II | 888 Vagina | 890 // Mammary Gland-Inactive Stage | 892 // Mammary Gland, Late Proliferative and Lactating Stages | 894 // 24. EYE I 896 // Overview of the Eye | 896 General Structure of the Eye | 896 Microscopic Structure of the Eye | 899 // Folder 24.1 Clinical Correlation: Glaucoma 905 Folder 24.2 Clinical Correlation: Ret De en—err rCr // FoWer 24.3 Clinical Correlation: Age-Related Macular Middle Ear | 929 // Degeneration (ARMD) | 909 Internal Ear | 932 // Folder 24.4 Clinical Correlation: Conjunctivitis | 917 Folder 25.1 Clinical Correlation: Otosclerosis | 933 // Atlas Plates Folder 25.2 Clinical Correlation: Hearing Loss-Vestibular // Plate 104 Eye 11 920 Dysfunction I 934 // Plate 105 Eye II: Retina | 922 Folder 25.3 Clinical Correlation: Vertigo | 937 // Plate 106 Eye III: Anterior Segment | 924 Atlas Plates // Plate 107 Eye IV: Sclera, Cornea, and Lens | 926 Plate 108 Ear I 946 // Plate 109 Cochlear Canal and Organ of Corti | 948 // 25. EAR I 928 // Overview of the Ear | 928 Index I 950 // External Ear | 928