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0 (hodnocen0 x )

(16) Půjčeno:16x 

BK

Amsterdam ; Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company, [1998]

xi, 242 stran ; 25 cm

ISBN 90-272-2269-X (EUR ; vázáno) ISBN !978-90-272-2269-5 (chyb.)

ISBN 1-55619-342-4 (US ; vázáno) ISBN !978-1-55619-342-2 (chyb.)

Studies in corpus linguistics, ISSN 1388-0373 ; volume 1

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 211-222 a rejstřík

001421973

Contents // Acknowledgements vili // 0. Introduction 1 // 0.1 Background 1 // 0.2 Target audience 2 // 0.3 General outline 3 // 0.4 Chapter contents 3 // 1. Identifying differences between words and terms 7 // 1.1 Introduction 7 // 1.2 Emergence of terminology as a discipline 9 // 1.3 What is terminology? 10 // 1.4 General theory of terminology 10 // 1.5 The ‘traditional’ definition of term 12 // 1.5.1 Summary of traditional view of term 15 // 1.6 Pragmatic definitions of term 17 // 1.6.1 Shortcomings of the pragmatic approach 19 // 1.6.2 Summary of discussion 21 // 1.7 Exploring other methods of distinguishing between words and terms 22 // 1.7.1 Standardized terms 22 // 1.7.2 Non-standardized terms 25 // 1.7.3 Exploring the notion of communicative setting 26 // 1.8 Sublanguages 28 // 1.8.1 Summary of discussion 34 // 1.9 Classifying communicative settings 36 // 1.9.1 Expert-expert communication 36 // 1.9.2 Expert to initiates 37 // 1.9.3 Relative expert to the uninitiated 38 // 1.9.4 Teacher-pupil communication 38 // 1.9.5 Summary of discussion 39 // 1.10 Conclusion 40 // CONTENTS // viii // 2. Corpora, corpus design and corpus selection 41 // 2.1 Introduction 41 // 2.2 What is a corpus? 43 // 2.3 Types of corpora 44 // 2.3.1 General reference corpora and Monitor corpora 44 // 2.3.2 Subcorpora, components of corpora, specialized corpora and // special corpora 45 // 2.3.3 Sample corpora and full text corpora 47 // 2.3.4 Parallel and comparable corpora 47 // 2.3.5 Special purpose

Corpora 48 // 2.4 Approaches to corpus studies 48 // 2.5 Corpus users 49 // 2.6 Compilation of corpora: design considerations 50 // 2.7 Classification of texts: external and internal criteria 52 // 2.7.1 External criteria 52 // 2.7.2 Internal criteria 53 // 2.8 Observations 55 // 2.9 Overview of design considerations in the compilation of // special purpose corpora 56 // 2.9.1 Corpus size 56 // 2.9.2 Topic 57 // 2.9.3 Genre 57 // 2.10 Proposals for design criteria for the design of special purpose // corpora 58 // 2.10.1 Size 58 // 2.10.2 Written text 59 // 2.10.3 Published 59 // 2.10.4 Text origin 60 // 2.10.5 Constitution 60 // 2.10.6 Author 60 // 2.10.7 Factuality 61 // 2.10.8 Technicality 61 // 2.10.9 Audience 61 // 2.10.10 Intended outcome 61 // 2.10.11 Setting 61 // 2.10.12 Topic 62 // 2.11 The search for suitable texts 62 // 2.11.1 The ITU corpus 64 // 2.11.2 The GCSE corpus 65 // 2.11.3 The Nature corpus 65 // 2.12 Conclusion 65 // CONTENTS ix // 3. Dictionaries and defining strategies 67 // 3.1 Introduction 67 // 3.2 Language dictionaries 68 // 3.2.1 Monolingual general language dictionaries 68 // 3.2.2 Bilingual general language dictionaries 69 // 3.2.3 Monolingual specialized dictionaries 70 // 3.2.4 Bi-and multilingual specialized dictionaries 71 // 3.3 Lexicographic methods 72 // 3.3.1 Early methods 73 // 3.3.2 The Cobuild approach 75 // 3.3.3 The Explanatory combinatorial dictionary 76 // 3.4 Explaining meaning 81 // 3.4.1 Substitutable defining strategy 82 // 3.4.2 The

Cobuild defining strategy 83 // 3.4.3 ISO recommendations for definitions 85 // 3.5 Recommendations for good defining practice 85 // 3.5.1 Selection of a superordinate 85 // 3.5.2 Coverage 87 // 3.5.3 Choice of language for the definition 87 // 3.6 Conclusion 88 // 4. Analysis of definitions in text 89 // 4.1 Introduction 89 // 4.2 Swales 89 // 4.2.1 Summary 93 // 4.3 Widdowson 94 // 4.4 Larry Selinker, R.M.Todd Trimble, Louis Trimble 95 // 4.5 Darian 96 // 4.6 Trimble’s definition types 98 // 4.6.1 Trimble’s formal definition 98 // 4.6.2 Trimble’s semi-formal definition 98 // 4.6.3 Trimble’s non-formal definition 99 // 4.6.4 Trimble’s complex definitions 99 // 4.6.5 Summary 100 // 4.7 Flowerdew 100 // 4.7.1 Flowerdew’s formal and semi-formal definitions 101 // 4.7.2 Flowerdew’s definition by substitution 101 // 4.7.3 Structure of definitions in the Flowerdew corpus 102 // 4.7.4 Linguistic signalling of definitions in Flowerdew corpus 103 // 4.7.5 Summary 104 // 4.8 Conclusion 104 // 5. Defining as a performative act 105 // 5.1 Introduction 105 // 5.2 Austin’s performatives 106 // 5.2.1 Austin’s felicity conditions and rules governing performatives 106 // 5.2.2 Austin’s criteria for identifying performatives 108 // 5.3 Defining as a performative 108 // 5.3.1 Felicity conditions for defining performatives 109 // 5.4 Distinguishing between types of defining performative 110 // 5.4.1 Defining exercitives 110 // 5.4.2 Summary 116 // 5.4.3 Defining

expositives 116 // 5.5 Conclusion 119 // 6. Retrieval of terms from the corpora 121 // 6.1 Introduction 121 // 6.2 Previous research into automatic identification and retrieval of terms 122 // 6.3 Identification and retrieval of corpus specific term formation patterns 123 // 6.3.1 Tag Sequence Pattern matching program 124 // 6.3.2 Decoding the pattern match specifications 124 // 6.4 Retrieval of term candidates 125 // 6.4.1 Retrieval of term candidates from the ITU corpus 125 // 6.4.2 Retrieval of term candidates from the GCSE corpus 126 // 6.4.3 Retrieval of term candidates from the Nature corpus 127 // 6.4.4 General observations on output from first phase 127 // 6.5 Refining the term identification process 128 // 6.5.1 Generic reference 128 // 6.5.2 Linguistic signals 130 // 6.6 Conclusion 134 // 7. Retrieval of formal and semi-formal defining expositives 135 // 7.1 Introduction 135 // 7.2 Simple formal defining expositives 136 // 7.2.1 Identifying simple formal defining expositives in text 137 // 7.2.2 Examples of simple formal defining expositives 144 // 7.3 Complex formal defining expositives 151 // 7.3.1 Complex formal defining expositives in the GCSE corpus 152 // 7.3.2 Complex formal defining performatives in the ITU corpus 155 // 7.3.3 Observations 157 // 7.4 Semi-formal defining expositives 157 // 7.4.1 Specifying the slot fillers 158 // 7.4.2 The expression of semi-formal defining expositives 158 // 7.4.3 Examples of semi-formal defining expositives 159

// 7.4.4 Observations 162 // 7.5 Dictionary type definitions 162 // 7.5.1 Dictionary defining expositives in the ITU corpus 162 // 7.5.2 Dictionary defining expositives in the GCSE corpus 164 // 7.6 Conclusion 166 // 8. Synonymy, substitution and paraphrasing 168 // 8.1 Introduction 168 // 8.2 Defining our terms 169 // 8.2.1 Synonymy 169 // 8.2.2 Equivalence 173 // 8.3 In search of synonyms, paraphrase and substitution 174 // 8.3.1 Analysis of the connective phrase i.e. 175 // 8.3.2 Analysis of the connective phrase e.g. 178 // 8.3.3 Analysis of the connective phrase called 180 // 8.3.4 Analysis of the connective phrase known as 183 // 8.3.5 Analysis of connective phrase the term 185 // 8.3.6 Analysis of connective phrase (*) 186 // 8.4 Conclusion 189 // 9. Using the term as the node 191 // 9.1 Introduction ’ 191 // 9.2 Evaluating occurrences of ankyrin* 192 // 9.3 Evaluating occurrences of respiration in the GCSE corpus 192 // 9.4 Collating the information 199 // 9.5 Conclusion 203 // 10. Summary 204 // 10.1 Summary of findings 204 // 10.2 Implications for future research 208 // 10.2.1 Term retrieval 208 // 10.2.2 Text evaluation and corpus design 208 // 10.2.3 Terminography 209 // 10.2.4 Using the approach for teaching ESP 210 // References 211 // Appendix A 223 // A.l Codes used by CLG tagger 223 // A. 2 Specifications for tag sequence pattern files used in Chapter 6 223 // ?.2? Specifications for ITU corpus 223 // A.2.2 Specifications for GCSE corpus 224 // A.2.3 Specifications for Nature corpus 224 // Appendix B 226 // B. 1 Concordance of ANKYRIN* from the Nature corpus 226 // B. 2 Concordance of respiration from the GCSE corpus 232 // B.3 Concordance of respire* in the GCSE corpus 238 //