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BK

Second revised edition

Olomouc : Palacký University Olomouc, 2017

2 svazky : ilustrace ; 29 cm

ISBN 978-80-244-5127-5 (1 ; brožováno)

ISBN 978-80-244-5128-2 (2 ; brožováno)

Skripta

Nad názvem: Palacký University Olomouc, Faculty of Arts

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

1. 107 stran -- 2. 126 stran

001481281

TABLE OF CONTENTS // 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 // 2 CATEGORIES (MORPHOSYNTAX OF PARTS OF SPEECH)...3 // 2.1 General principles of classification...3 // 2.2 Parts of Speech (= Word Classes, Categories)...3 // 2.3 Categorial Heads and their projections (Phrases)... 5 // 2.4 Case Study 1: Verbal morphology...6 // 2.5 Case Study 2: Classification of Verbs...8 // 2.5.1 Taxonomy based on subcategorization...8 // 2.5.2 Taxonomy based on the form and function...9 // 2.6 Analytic Predicates: morphological and syntactic templates...9 // 2.7 Analytic Predicates: based on syntactic positions...10 // 2.7.1 The N.I. C.E. Criteria for ???-lexical verbs...7 0 // 2.7.2 Functional classification: Differentiating the categories (positions) of ‘Q‘ and ‘V’.11 // 3 CONSTITUENTS AND SENTENCE MEMBERS (FUNCTIONS)... 15 // 3.1 Clausal (structural) relations...15 // 3.1.1 Co-reference (marked with "co-indexing ")...16 // 3.1.2 Case (Adjacency)...77 // 3.1.3 Agreement - the Subject is reflected in the Predicate...18 // 3.2 Constituency Tests...18 // 3.2.1 Topicalization (fronting) of constituents...19 // 3.2.2 Clefting and Pseudo-clefting of constituents...79 // 3.2.3 Pro-form substitution (replacement)...20 // 3.2.4 Ellipsis (sentence fragments, question answering test)...20 // 3.2.5 Omission (deletion) of constituents...20 // 3.2.6 Coordination of like constituents...27 // 3.2.7 Morphological characteristic of types of constituents...27 // 3.3 Sentence Functions - Sentence members - Syntagmas...22

3.3.1 Subjects...23 // 3.3.2 Objects...23 // 3.3.3 Attributes...23 // 3.4 General Internal Clause Analysis...23 // 4 DERIVATION OF THE CLAUSAL STRUCTURE(S)...27 // 4.1 Classification of clauses based on the structure within the predicate VP...27 // 4.2 Semantic frame of the Verb...28 // 4.3 Classification of Verbs according to their subcategorization...29 // 4.3.1 Complements (-Objects) vs. Adjuncts (- Adverbials)...29 // 4.4 Sentence Patterns: Modality...32 // 4.4.1 Narrow modality...32 // 4.4.2 Broad Modality (Functions and Forms of the English sentences)...32 // 4.4.3 Word order patterns... 33 // 4.4.4 Examples of English sentence patterns...34 // 4.5 WH questions and their relation to the Q position...36 // 4.6 Comparing English and Czech WH-questions...37 // 4.6.1 Multiple WH-questions...37 // 4.6.2 Long distance WH-questions...33 // 5 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES...40 // 5.1 Classification of Subordinate Clauses (Revision)...40 // 5.2 Revision: Nominal Content Clauses (Subject, Object clauses)...42 // 5.2.1 Resumptive or expletive elements (’operný výraz’)...42 // 5.2.2 Clausal abbreviations... 42 // 5.2.3 Tense/ Mood (and other characteristics) of a finite Subordinate Clause...43 // 5.3 Adverbial Clauses...43 // 5.3.1 Kinds of Adverbial clauses...43 // 5.3.2 Conditional Clauses...44 // 5.3.2.1 Future Conditional Clauses...44 // 5.3.2.2 Present Conditional Clauses...44 // 5.3.2.3 Past Conditional Clauses...44 // 5.3.2.4 Mixed Patterns of Conditionals...45 // 5.4 Relative Clauses...45

// 5.4.1 Relative Clause Formation...45 // 5.4.2 Relative Pronoun Deletion...46 // 5.4.2.1 Preposition stranding in Relative Clauses...47 // 5.4.3 Kinds of Relative Clauses...47 // 5.5 Attributive Nominal Content Causes vs. Relative Clauses...48 // 6 INFINITIVES: THEIR STRUCTURE AND THEIR SUBJECTS ...51 // 6.1 Verbal Paradigm (Inflectional Morphology on Verbs)...51 // 6.1.1 Finiteness of the Verb...52 // 6.1.2 Immediate Constituent Analysis ofnon-finite clauses...53 // 6.1.3 Subject of a finite clause and Subject of an infinitive...54 // 6.2 “Semantic Subjects" of Infinitives...55 // 6.3 PRO Structures / Control Structures...56 // 6.3.1 Subject Control of the Agent of the Infinitive...56 // 6.3.2 Control of the Agent of the Infinitive...56 // 6.3.3 Arbitrary Control of the Agent of the Infinitive...57 // 6.4 Alternative Case assignment for Subjects of an Infinitive...57 // 6.4.1 Raising...57 // 6.4.2 Exceptional Case Marking (ECM)...58 // 6.4.3 The Preposition ’for’...59 // 6.5 Taxonomy of Infinitives...60 // 7 INFINITIVE DISTRIBUTION, BARE INFINITIVES...62 // 7.1 Bare Infinitives are always Complements of Verbs...62 // 7.2 Distribution of bare infinitives...63 // 7.3 Functions of Infinitives...65 // 7.3.1 Distribution of infinitives (based on sentence functions)...65 // 7.3.2 Usage of infinitives (communicative/ pragmatic function)...66 // 8 -ING FORMS: THE HEADS OF NP AND AP...69 // 8.1 V-ING forms as head As: derived adjectives and participles...69 // 8.1.1 Derived Adjectives

from V-ing (=Adj ) as Predicates...69 // 8.1.2 Derived Adjectives from V-ing (=Adj) as Attributes...70 // 8.1.3 The Progressive Verbal Participle...71 // 8.1.4 Other Verbal Participles as Secondary Predicates, Adjuncts and Attributes...72 // 8.2 V-ing forms as head nouns: Derived Nominals and Gerunds...72 // 8.2.1 Combinatorial characteristics of a Noun...73 // 8.2.2 Combinatorial characteristics of a Verb...74 // 8.3 Three Kinds of English Nominalizations...75 // 8.3.1 Derived Result Nominals...75 // 8.3.2 Complex Event Nominals...75 // 8.4 Gerunds: the most Verbal Nominalization...77 // 8.5 Grammatical positions of Infinitives, Participles and Gerunds...78 // 8.6 Nominal vs. Verbal Properties of Nominalizations based on V-ing...79 // 9 WORD ORDER AND INFORMATION STRUCTURE...82 // 9.1 Phrasal Word Order...82 // 9.2 Clausal Word Order: Its Functions...82 // 9.2.1 The Functions of a Clausal Constituent Order...82 // 9.2.2 Grammatical Function of the Constituent (Word) Order...83 // 9.3 Information Structure - Functional Sentence Perspective...85 // 9.4 Dynamic semantic scales vs. Communicative Dynamism...86 // 9.4.1 Making a bi-polar system into multi-polar...86 // 9.4.2 Unmarked dynamic scale...86 // 9.5 Testing the Rheme / Focus...87 // 9.5.1 Question Test...87 // 9.5.2 Inherent Dynamism...87 // 9.5.2.1 ’but not’ Test...88 // 9.5.2.2 Topicality Hierarchy...88 // 9.5.3 Semantic Interpretation (Presupposition)...89 // 9.6 More Aspects of FSP...89 // 9.7 Theory of Markedness...89

// 10 SENTENCE DYNAMISM IN ENGLISH...91 // 10.1 Passivization and FSP...91 // 10.2 FSP and Existential Structures: There is / are...92 // 10.3 (Pseudo) Cleft Structures...92 // 10.4 Double Object Construction and FSP...93 // 10.5 Topicalization (Marked vs. Unmarked Order)...93 // 10.6 Preposing Adverbial Adjuncts...94 // 10.7 Extraposition (Heavy NP Shift)...95 // 10.8 The grammar of the spoken language...98 // 10.9 Minor Sentences...99 // 10.10 One member clauses (Verbless?)...99 // 10.11 Parsing complexity and Garden Path effects...101 // 11 SUMMARY: COMPLEX SENTENCE ANALYSIS...105 // 11.1 Parts of speech (word categories)...105 // 11.2 Semantic Roles: Participants of the Verbal Event/Arguments of the Verb...106 // 11.3 Functions (sentence members, syntagma)...107 // 11.3.1 Standard and less standard realization of the sentence members...108 // 11.4 Sentence Dynamism / Functional Sentence Perspective...109 // 11.5 Final Revision...112 // 12 EXAM TOPICS...116 // 12.1 LIAl/2: Linguistic Analysis: SNT2...116 // 12.2 SAJM1/SAJM 2 - Final MA state exam in SNT2...116 // 12.2.1 Examples for the SAJM exam in Syntax:...U7 // 13 RELATED LITERATURE...120 // 13.1 A. Practical Manuals...120 // 13.2 B. Theoretical Manuals...120 // 13.3 C. Further related / cited literature...121 // 14 INDEX // 122