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BK

Fourth edition

Oxford : Oxford University Press, [2018]

646 stran v různém stránkování : barevné ilustrace, mapy ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-1-60535-797-3 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografii a rejstřík

001481530

Contents // CHAPTER 1 ¦ The Web of Life 2 // Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations: A Case Study 2 // Introduction 3 // CONCEPT 1.1 Events in the natural world are interconnected. 3 // Connections in Nature 3 // CONCEPT 1.2 Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. 8 // What Is Ecology? 8 // CONCEPT 1.3 Ecologists evaluate competing hypotheses about natural systems with observations, experiments, and models. 13 // Answering Ecological Questions 13 // CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Approaches Used To Study Global Warming 14 // ¦ ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 1.1 // Designing Ecological Experiments 15 // ¦ ANALYZING DATA 1.1 // Are Introduced Predators a Cause of Amphibian Decline? 17 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations 18 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // Mission Impossible? 18 // Unit! // Organisms and Their Environment 21 // CHAPTER 2 ¦ The Physical Environment 22 // Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance: // A Case Study 22 // Introduction 23 // CONCEPT 2.1 Climate is the most fundamental component of the physical environment. 23 // Climate 23 // CONCEPT 2.2 Winds and ocean currents result from differences in solar radiation across Earth’s surface. 26 // Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 26 // CONCEPT 2.3 Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns establish global patterns of temperature and precipitation. 31 // Global Climate Patterns 31 // CONCEPT 2.4 Regional climates reflect the

influence of oceans and continents, mountains, and vegetation. 34 // Regional Climate Influences 34 // S ANALYZING DATA 2.1 // How Do Changes in Vegetation Cover Influence Climate? 37 // CONCEPT 2.5 Seasonal and long-term climate variation are associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun. 38 // Climate Variation over Time 38 // Contents XVII // CONCEPT 2.6 Salinity, acidity, and oxygen // concentrations are major determinants of the chemical environment. 44 // The Chemical Environment 44 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance 46 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // Climate Variation and Ecology 47 // CHAPTER 3 ¦ The Biosphere 50___ // The American Serengeti—Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains: A Case Study 50 // Introduction 51 // CONCEPT 3.1 Terrestrial biomes are characterized by the growth forms of the dominant vegetation. 51 // Terrestrial Biomes 51 // ? ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 3.1 // Climate Diagrams 54 , // CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Tropical Forests and Greenhouse Gases 57 // ANALYZING DATA 3.1 // How Will Climate Change Affect the Grasslands Biome? 62 // CONCEPT 3.2 Biological zones in freshwater ecosystems are associated with the velocity, depth, temperature, clarity, and chemistry of the water. 71 // Freshwater Biological Zones 71 // CONCEPT 3.3 Marine biological zones are determined by ocean depth, light availability, and the stability of the bottom substrate. 73 // Marine Biological Zones 73 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED The

American Serengeti— Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains 79 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // Long-Term Ecological Research 80 // CHAPTER 4 ¦ Coping with Environmental Variation: Temperature and Water 84 // Frozen Frogs: A Case Study 84 Introduction 85 // CONCEPT 4.1 Each species has a range of environmental tolerances that determines its potential geographic distribution. 85 // Responses to Environmental Variation 85 // CONCEPT 4.2 The temperature of an organism is determined by exchanges of energy with the external environment. 88 // Variation in Temperature 88 // S ANALYZING DATA 4.1 // How Does Fur Thickness Influence Metabolic Activity in Endotherms? 97 // CONCEPT 4.3 The water balance of an organism is // determined by exchanges of water and solutes with the external environment. 98 // Variation in Water Availability 98 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Frozen Frogs 105 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // Desiccation Tolerance, Body Size, and Rarity 106 // CHAPTERS ¦ Coping with Environmental Variation: Energy 109 ___ // Toolmaking Crows: A Case Study 109 Introduction 110 // CONCEPT 5.1 Organisms obtain energy from sunlight, from inorganic chemical compounds, or through the consumption of organic compounds. 110 // Sources of Energy 110 // CONCEPT 5.2 Radiant and chemical energy captured by autotrophs is converted into stored energy in carboncarbon bonds. 112 // Autotrophy 112 // ? ANALYZING DATA 5.1 // How Does Acclimatization Affect Plant Energy Balance? 116 // CONCEPT 5.3 Environmental

constraints have resulted in the evolution of biochemical pathways that improve the efficiency of photosynthesis. 117 // Photosynthetic Pathways 117 // CONCEPT 5.4 Heterotrophs have adaptations for acquiring and assimilating energy efficiently from a variety of organic sources. 123 // Heterotrophy 123 // ¦ ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 5.1 // Stable Isotopes 124 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Toolmaking Crows 129 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // Tool Use: Adaptation or Learned Behavior? 130 // XVIII Contents // Unit 2 // Evolutionary Ecology 135 // CHAPTER 6 ¦ Evolution and Ecology 136 // Trophy Hunting and Inadvertent Evolution: // A Case Study 136 // Introduction 137 // CONCEPT 6.1 Evolution can be viewed as genetic change over time or as a process of descent with modification. 137 // What Is Evolution? 137 // CONCEPT 6.2 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can cause allele frequencies in a population to change over time. 140 // Mechanisms of Evolution 140 // CONCEPT 6.3 Natural selection is the only evolutionary mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution. 144 // Adaptive Evolution 144 // CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Evolutionary Responses to Climate Change 146 // CONCEPT 6.4 Long-term patterns of evolution are shaped by large-scale processes such as speciation, mass extinction, and adaptive radiation. 148 // The Evolutionary History of Life 148 // CONCEPT 6.5 Ecological interactions and evolution exert a profound influence on one another. 153 // Joint Effects of Ecology and

Evolution 153 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Trophy Hunting and // Inadvertent Evolution 155 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // The Human Impact on Evolution 156 // ¦ ANALYZING DATA 6.1 // Does Predation by Birds Cause Evolution in Moth Populations? 157 // CHAPTER? ¦ Life History 160 // Nemo Grows Up: A Case Study 160 // Introduction 161 // CONCEPT 7.1 Life history patterns vary within and among species. 161 // Life History Diversity 161 // CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION Climate Change and the Timing of Seasonal Activities 164 // CONCEPT 7.2 Reproductive patterns can be classified along several continua. 169 // Life History Continua 169 // CONCEPT 7.3 There are trade-offs between life history traits. 172 // Trade-Offs 172 // CONCEPT 7.4 Organisms face different selection pressures at different life cycle stages. 175 // Life Cycle Evolution 175 // ¦ ANALYZING DATA 7.1 // Is There a Trade-Off between Current and Delayed Reproduction in the Collared Flycatcher? 175 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Nemo Grows Up 178 // CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // ___I Territoriality, Competition, and Life History 179 // CHAPTERS ¦ Behavioral Ecology 182 // Baby Killers: A Case Study 182 Introduction 183 // CONCEPT 8.1 An evolutionary approach to the study of behavior leads to testable predictions. 183 // An Evolutionary Approach to Behavior 183 // CONCEPT 8.2 Animals make behavioral choices that enhance their energy gain and reduce their risk of becoming prey. 186 // Foraging Behavior 186 // CONCEPT 8.3 Mating behaviors

reflect the costs and benefits of parental investment and mate defense. 191 // Mating Behavior 191 // CONCEPT 8.4 There are advantages and disadvantages to living in groups. 196 // Living in Groups 196 // ? ANALYZING DATA 8.1 // Does the Dilution Effect Protect Individual Ocean Skaters from Fish Predators? 197 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED Baby Killers 199 // f—3 CONNECTIONS IN NATURE // 1___I Behavioral Responses to Predators Have Broad // Ecological Effects 200 // Contents XIX // Unit 3 // Populations 203 // CHAPTER 9 ¦ Population Distribution and CHAPTER 10 ¦ Population Growth and // Abundance 204 Regulation 226 // From Kelp Forest to Urchin Barren: // A Case Study 204 Introduction 205 // CONCEPT 9.1 Populations are dynamic entities that vary in size over time and space. 205 // Populations 205 // Human Population Growth: A Case Study 226 Introduction 227 // CONCEPT 10.1 Life tables show how survival and reproductive rates vary with age, size, or life cycle stage. 228 // Life Tables 228 // CONCEPT 9.2 The distributions and abundances of organisms are limited by habitat suitability, historical factors, and dispersal. 209 // Distribution and Abundance 209 // ¦ ANALYZING DATA 9.1 // Have Introduced Grasses Altered the Occurrence of Fires in Hawaiian Dry Forests? 211 // CONCEPT 10.2 Life table data can be used to project the future age structure, size, and growth rate of a population. 231 // Age Structure 231 // CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION // Effects of Climate Change on Tree Mortality

Rates 234 // CONCEPT 9.3 Many species have a patchy distribution of populations across their geographic range. 213 // Geographic Range 213 // CONCEPT 9.4 The dispersion of individuals within a population depends on the location of essential resources, competition, dispersal, and behavioral interactions. 215 // Dispersion within Populations 215 // CONCEPT 9.5 Population abundances and // distributions can be estimated with area-based counts, distance methods, mark-recapture studies, and niche models. 216 // Estimating Abundances and Distributions 216 // ¦ ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 9.1 Estimating Abundance 218 // A CASE STUDY REVISITED From Kelp Forest to Urchin // Barren 221