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First edition

Munich : Elsevier, 2019

xv, 824 stran : ilustrace (převážně barevné) ; 31 cm

ISBN 978-0-7020-6760-0 (Vázáno)

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001481623

Sobotta // DISCOVER HUMAN ANATOMY // The Sobotta Anatomy Textbook differs from other anatomy books by offering an optimised study mix of clearly structured text, excellent anatomical illustrations and clear schematic drawings. While its core emphasis is placed on exam relevant knowledge, it constantly augments this by presenting relevant clinical references to ensure the practical applicability of the knowledge gained. // This textbook guides you through anatomy in a clear, structured manner that is easy to follow. // Discover the perfect study tool: // ¦ Each chapter starts with a relevant Clinical case, as it will be encountered during rotation. It highlights how students can gain valuable insights into the case by taking structured notes during patient examination. // ¦ Clinical remarks boxes help to identify the individual topics’ relevance and put it in context for subsequent patient diagnosis and treatment. // ¦ Skills boxes at the beginning of each chapter provide a quick overview of competency-based study objectives, which help you build a contextualised knowledge useful in exams and applicable to future professional practice. // ¦ Regular Note boxes highlight particularly important exam knowledge to be retained. // ¦ The textbook fosters integrated learning by linking macroscopic anatomy, where relevant, to embryology. // ¦ The detailed chapter on the anatomy of the head makes this textbook particularly suitable for students of dental medicine. // The Sobotta

Anatomy Textbook enables you to develop a true contextualised understanding of the subject and thus not just pass anatomy exams, but build a foundation for your future clinical work! // Prof. Dr. // Jens Waschke // Anatomical Institute, Department I -Vegetative Anatomy Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich // Prof. Dr. // Tobias M. Böckers // Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, // Ulm University // Prof. Dr. // Friedrich Paulsen // Institute of Anatomy, Department II Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen/ Nuremberg // ISBN 978-0-7020-6760-0 // www.elsevier.de // ELSEVIER // 9 // 780702 // 067600 // GENERAL ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY // I // 1 General anatomy ... 3 // Friedrich Paulsen, Faramarz Dehghani // 1.1 Subdivisions... 5 // 1.2 Architecture of the human body... 5 // 1.2.1 Organisation ... 5 // 1.2.2 Body proportions ... 7 // 1.2.3 Positional descriptions... 8 // 1.2.4 General anatomical descriptions... 10 // 1.3 Skin and skin appendages... 15 // 1.3.1 Skin types and skin layers ... 16 // 1.3.2 Skin appendages... 16 // 1.4 Musculoskeletal system ... 18 // 1.4.1 Cartilage... 18 // 1.4.2 Bones... 18 // 1.4.3 Joints... 23 // 1.4.4 General considerations on muscles ... 29 // 1.5 Circulation systems ... 33 // 1.5.1 Body and pulmonary circulation... 33 // 1.5.2 Portal vein circulation... 37 // 1.5.3 Prenatal circulation... 38 // 1.5.4 Lymphatic circulation... 38 // 1.6 Mucous membranes, glands, // serous cavities ... 41 // 1.6.1 Mucous membranes... 41 // 1.6.2 Glands ... 41

// 1.6.3 Serous cavities ... 41 // 1.7 Nervous system ... 42 // 2 General embryology... 45 // Martin Scaal // 2.1 Introduction... 47 // 2.2 Fertilisation... 47 // 2.2.1 Translocation and capacitation... 47 // 2.2.2 Acrosome reaction // and fusion of the germ cells... 48 // 2.2.3 Fusion of genetic material ... 48 // 2.3 Preimplantation development ... 50 // 2.3.1 Cleavage and compaction ... 50 // MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM // 3 Torso... 75 // 3.1 Ventral torso wall... 76 // Martin Gericke, Martin Krüger (with contribution from Ingo Bechmann) // 2.3.2 Blastocysts and implantation... 50 // 2.4 Gastrulation ... 51 // 2.4.1 Two-leaved germinal disc ... 51 // 2.4.2 Creation of the germinal layers... 51 // 2.5 Development of the ectoderm ... 53 // 2.5.1 Induction of the neuroectoderm ... 53 // 2.5.2 Neurulation ... 54 // 2.5.3 Neural crest... 55 // 2.6 Development of the mesoderm ... 56 // 2.6.1 Axial mesoderm ... 56 // 2.6.2 Paraxial mesoderm... 56 // 2.6.3 Intermediate mesoderm... 59 // 2.6.4 Lateral mesoderm... 60 // 2.7 Development of the entoderm ... 61 // 2.8 Folding movements of the embryo ... 61 // 2.8.1 Craniocaudal curvature ... 62 // 2.8.2 Lateral folding up ... 62 // 2.9 Extra-embryonic tissue... 63 // 2.9.1 Trophoblast... 63 // 2.9.2 Chorionic cavity and yolk sac... 63 // 2.9.3 Amnion... 64 // 2.9.4 Allantois... 64 // 2.10 Early development of the extremities .. 65 // 2.10.1 Formation of the extremity buds... 65 // 2.10.2 Pattern formation in the // extremities positions ...

65 // 2.10.3 Origin of the skeleton and // the muscles of the extremities... 66 // 2.11 Early development // of the head and throat area... 66 // 2.11.1 Pharyngeal arches ... 66 // 2.11.2 Pharyngeal grooves // and pharyngeal pouches ... 70 // 2.11.3 Development of the tongue // and thyroid gland ... 70 // 2.11.4 Facial development... 71 // 2.11.5 Development of the oral // and nasal cavities ... 72 // 3.1.1 General structure ... 76 // 3.1.2 Thoracic wall... 77 // 3.1.3 Diaphragm... 87 // 3.1.4 Abdominal wall... 90 // 3.2 Dorsal torso wall... 104 // Friedrich Paulsen, Jens Waschke // 3.2.1 General structure ... 104 // 3.2.2 Back muscles... 105 // 3.2.3 Vascular, lymphatic and nervous // systems of the dorsal torso wall... 112 // 3.3 Spine, spinal cord and thorax... 104 // Bernhard Hirt, Friedrich Paulsen // 3.3.1 Embryology ... 115 // 3.3.2 Spine... 115 // 3.3.3 Spinal cord site ... 129 // 3.3.4 Thorax ... 132 // 4 Upper extremity... 139 // Volker Spindler, Jens Waschke // 4.1 Overview... 141 // 4.2 Development of upper // and lower extremities ... 142 // 4.2.1 Course ... 142 // 4.2.2 Bones... 143 // 4.2.3 Muscular system... 143 // 4.2.4 Nerves ... 145 // 4.2.5 Blood vessels... 145 // 4.3 Shoulder girdle... 145 // 4.3.1 Bones of the shoulder girdle ... 145 // 4.3.2 Joints and ligament connections // of the shoulder girdle... 146 // 4.3.3 Shoulder girdle mechanics ... 147 // 4.3.4 Shoulder girdle muscles... 148 // 4.4 Upper arm ... 150 // 4.4.1 Humerus... 150 // 4.4.2 Shoulder joint

... 150 // 4.4.3 Shoulder joint mechanics... 151 // 4.4.4 Shoulder muscles... 152 // 4.5 Forearm and hand... 155 // 4.5.1 Bones of the forearm ... 156 // 4.5.2 Elbow joint... 156 // 4.5.3 Joint connections between // the forearm bones... 157 // 4.5.4 Elbow joint and distal // radioulnar joint mechanics... 157 // 4.5.5 Muscles ... 157 // 4.5.6 Structure and bones of the hand... 159 // 4.5.7 Joints of the hand... 160 // 4.5.8 Hand-joint mechanics... 163 // 4.5.9 Muscles of the forearm and hand... 164 // 4.5.10 Auxiliary structures of the // musculature in the area of the hand ... 169 // 4.6 Nerves of the upper extremity... 174 // 4.6.1 Sensory innervation... 174 // 4.6.2 Structure of the Plexus brachialis... 175 // 4.6.3 N. axillaris ... 178 // 4.6.4 N. radialis... 178 // 4.6.5 N. musculocutaneus... 180 // 4.6.6 N. medianus... 181 // 4.6.7 N. ulnaris ... 183 // 4.6.8 N. cutanei brachii and // antebrachii medialis... 184 // 4.7 Arteries of the upper extremity ... 184 // 4.7.1 A. subclavia... 185 // 4.7.2 A. axillaris ... 186 // 4.7.3 A. brachialis... 187 // 4.7.4 A. radialis... 188 // 4.7.5 A. ulnaris ... 189 // 4.8 Veins of the upper extremity ... 190 // 4.8.1 Superficial veins ... 190 // 4.8.2 Deep veins... 191 // 4.9 Lymphatic vessels // of the upper extremity... 191 // 4.9.1 Epifascial and subfascial // lymph vessels ... 191 // 4.9.2 Lymph nodes of the axilla ... 191 // 4.10 Topographically important // aspects of the arm ... 192 // 4.10.1 Trigonum clavipectorale... 192 // 4.10.2 Axillary

cavity... 192 // 4.10.3 Axillary spaces and triceps groove... 193 // 4.10.4 Elbow... 193 // 4.10.5 Carpal tunnel and GUYON’s canal... 194 // 5 Lower extremity... 195 // Volker Spindler, Jens Waschke // 5.1 Overview... 197 // 5.2 Pelvis ... 198 // 5.2.1 Structure and form... 198 // 5.2.2 Bones of the pelvis... 199 // 5.2.3 Pelvic joints and ligament attachments . 201 // 5.2.4 Mechanics of the pelvic joints... 201 // 5.3 Thigh ... 202 // 5.3.1 Thigh bone... 202 // 5.3.2 Hip joint ... 203 // 5.3.3 Mechanics of the hip joint ... 205 // 5.3.4 Muscles of the hip joint ... 205 // 5.3.5 Fascia lata and Tractus iliotibialis ... 209 // 5.4 Lower leg... 209 // 5.4.1 Bones of the leg... 209 // 5.4.2 Attachments between // the Tibia and Fibula... 211 // 5.4.3 Knee joint... 211 // 5.4.4 Mechanics of the knee joint... 214 // 5.4.5 Muscles of the knee joint... 216 // 5.5 Foot ... 218 // 5.5.1 Bones of the foot... 219 // 5.5.2 Joints of the foot... 220 // 5.5.3 Mechanics of the ankle joints... 221 // 5.5.4 The arch of the foot... 223 // 5.5.5 Muscles of the lower leg and foot... 225 // 5.5.6 Support facilities of the musculature // in the region of the lower leg and foot .. 229 // Table of contents // 5.6 Nerves of the lower extremity ... 231 // 5.6.1 Plexus lumbosacralis ... 233 // 5.6.2 N. ischiadicus... 236 // 5.7 Arteries of the lower extremity ... 238 // 5.7.1 A. iliaca externa... 239 // 5.7.2 A. femoralis... 239 // 5.7.3 A. poplitea ... 241 // 5.7.4 A. tibialis anterior... 241 // 5.7.5 A.

tibialis posterior... 243 // 5.8 Veins of the lower extremity... 243 // 5.9 Lymph vessels of the lower extremity . . 245 // 5.9.1 Lymph vessels... 245 // 5.9.2 Inguinal lymph nodes... . 245 // 5.9.3 Pelvic lymph nodes... 245 // 5.10 Topographically important // aspects of the leg... 246 // 5.10.1 Lacuna musculorum and // Lacuna vasorum ... 246 // 5.10.2 Femoral triangle and adductor canal ... 247 // 5.10.3 Gluteal region ... 248 // 5.10.4 Hollow of the knee ... 249 // III INTERNAL ORGANS // 6 Chest viscera... 253 // Daniela Kugelmann, Jens Waschke // 6.1 Heart... 255 // 6.1.1 Overview... 255 // 6.1.2 Function... 255 // 6.1.3 Development of the heart // and blood vessels... 256 // 6.1.4 Prenatal and postnatal // blood circulation... 260 // 6.1.5 Location and projection ... 262 // 6.1.6 Atria and ventricles... 264 // 6.1.7 Heart wall and pericardium ... 266 // 6.1.8 Cardiac skeleton and heart valves... 267 // 6.1.9 Conduction system and innervation // of the heart... 269 // 6.1.10 Coronary blood vessel ... 271 // 6.1.11 Veins and lymphatic vessels // of the heart... 273 // 6.2 Trachea and lungs... 274 // 6.2.1 Overview and function... 274 // 6.2.2 Development of trachea and lungs... 275 // 6.2.3 Topography and structure // of the trachea and main bronchi ... 276 // 6.2.4 Vessels and nerves // of the trachea and main bronchi... 277 // 6.2.5 Projection of the lungs... 277 // 6.2.6 Structure of the lungs... 279 // 6.2.7 Vessels and nerves of the lungs ... 281 // 6.3 Oesophagus... 282

// 6.3.1 Overview, function and development . . . 282 // 6.3.2 Structure and projection ... 283 // 6.3.3 Classification... 283 // 6.3.4 Constrictions of the oesophagus... 284 // 6.3.5 Closing mechanisms... 284 // 6.3.6 Vessels and nerves // of the oesophagus... 285 // 6.4 Thymus ... 287 // 6.4.1 Overview, function and development . . . 287 // 6.4.2 Structure ... 288 // 6.4.3 Vessels and nerves of the thymus... 288 // 6.5 Thoracic cavity ... 288 // 6.5.1 Overview... 288 // 6.5.2 Mediastinum ... 288 // 6.5.3 Pleural cavities ... 289 // 6.5.4 Breathing... 290 // 6.5.5 Development of the visceral cavities . . . 291 // 6.6 Vessels and nerves // of the thoracic cavity... 294 // 6.6.1 Overview... 294 // 6.6.2 Arteries of the thoracic cavity ... 294 // 6.6.3 Veins of the thoracic cavity ... 295 // 6.6.4 Lymph vessels of the thoracic cavity . . . 296 // 6.6.5 Nerves of the thoracic cavity... 297 // 7 Abdominal viscera ... 299 // Jens Waschke // 7.1 Stomach... 302 // 7.1.1 Overview... 302 // 7.1.2 Functions of the stomach... 302 // 7.1.3 Development of stomach, // Bursa omentalis, Omentum minus // and Omentum majus ... 303 // 7.1.4 Projection of the stomach ... 305 // 7.1.5 Structure and sections of the stomach . . 305 // 7.1.6 Surface enlargement // of the stomach lining ... 306 // 7.1.7 Topography... 306 // 7.1.8 Arteries of the stomach ... 307 // 7.1.9 Veins of the stomach... 307 // 7.1.10 Lymph vessels of the stomach... 308 // 7.1.11 Innervation of the stomach ... 309 // 7.2 Intestines...

309 // 7.2.1 Overview... 310 // 7.2.2 Functions of the intestine... 310 // 7.2.3 Development... 310 // 7.2.4 Structure and projection // of the small intestine... 312 // 7.2.5 Structure and projection // of the large intestine... 313 // 7.2.6 Structural features // of the small and large intestines... 315 // 7.2.7 Topography of small // and large intestines... 316 // 7.2.8 Intestinal arteries ... 318 // 7.2.9 Veins of the intestine... 320 // 7.2.10 Lymph vessels of the intestine... 320 // 7.2.11 Innervation of the intestine ... 320 // 7.3 Liver... 322 // 7.3.1 Overview... 322 // 7.3.2 Functions of the liver ... 322 // 7.3.3 Development of the liver // and gall bladder... 323 // 7.3.4 Projection of the liver... 323 // 7.3.5 Structure ... 324 // 7.3.6 Parts and segments of the liver... 325 // 7.3.7 Fine structure of the liver... 326 // 7.3.8 Topography... 327 // 7.3.9 Arteries of the liver... 327 // 7.3.10 Veins of the liver ... 328 // 7.3.11 Portocaval anastomoses ... 328 // 7.3.12 Lymph vessels of the liver ... 329 // 7.3.13 Innervation of the liver... 330 // 7.4 Gall bladder and bile ducts... 331 // 7.4.1 Overview and function... 331 // 7.4.2 Projection and topography // of the gall bladder... 331 // 7.4.3 Construction of gall bladder and // extrahepatic bile ducts... 331 // 7.4.4 Pathways of the gall bladder // and bile ducts ... 332 // 7.4.5 CALOT’s triangle... 333 // 7.5 Pancreas... 333 // 7.5.1 Overview... 333 // 7.5.2 Functions of the pancreas ... 334 // 7.5.3 Development...

334 // 7.5.4 Projection and structure // of the pancreas ... 334 // 7.5.5 Excretory duct system of the pancreas . . 335 // 7.5.6 Topography... 335 // 7.5.7 Vessels and nerves of the pancreas ... 337 // 7.6 Spleen ... 338 // 7.6.1 Overview... 338 // 7.6.2 Functions of the spleen ... 338 // 7.6.3 Development... 338 // 7.6.4 Projection, construction // and topography of the spleen ... 339 // 7.6.5 Vessels and nerves of the spleen ... 339 // 7.7 Peritoneal cavity... 340 // 7.7.1 Overview... 340 // 7.7.2 Omentum majus and Omentum // minus... 341 // 7.7.3 Recessus of the peritoneal cavity... 342 // 7.8 Vessels and nerves // of the peritoneal cavity ... 343 // 7.8.1 Overview... 343 // 7.8.2 Arteries of the peritoneal cavity ... 343 // 7.8.3 Veins of the peritoneal cavity... 345 // 7.8.4 Lymph vessels of the peritoneal cavity . . 345 // 7.8.5 Nerves of the peritoneal cavity... 346 // 8 Pelvic viscera... 349 // Jens Waschke // 8.1 Kidneys... 352 // 8.1.1 Overview... 352 // 8.1.2 Functions of the kidneys... 352 // 8.1.3 Development of the kidneys ... 352 // 8.1.4 Projection and structure of the kidney . . 354 // 8.1.5 Fascial system of the kidney ... 355 // 8.1.6 Topography... 356 // 8.1.7 Vessels and nerves of the kidney ... 357 // 8.2 Adrenal gland ... 358 // 8.2.1 Overview... 358 // 8.2.2 Functions of the adrenal // gland and development... 358 // 8.2.3 Structure, projection and // topography of the adrenal glands... 359 // 8.2.4 Vessels and nerves // of the adrenal glands ... 359

8.3 Efferent urinary tracts... 359 // 8.3.1 Overview and function... 359 // 8.3.2 Development // of the efferent urinary tracts ... 359 // 8.3.3 Renal pelvis and ureter... 361 // 8.3.4 Urinary bladder... 362 // 8.3.5 Urethra... 362 // 8.3.6 Closure mechanisms // of the urinary bladder and the urethra . . 363 // 8.3.7 Vessels and nerves // of the efferent urinary tracts ... 363 // 8.4 Rectum and anal canal... 364 // Jens Waschke, Friedrich Paulsen // 8.4.1 Overview and function... 364 // 8.4.2 Classification, projection and // structure of rectum and anal canal... 364 // 8.4.3 Mesorectum... 365 // 8.4.4 Continence organ ... 366 // 8.4.5 Arteries of the rectum and anal canal . . . 369 // 8.4.6 Veins of the rectum and anal canal... 369 // 8.4.7 Lymphatic vessels // of the rectum and anal canal ... 370 // 8.4.8 Innervation of the rectum // and anal canal ... 370 // 8.5 Male genitalia... 371 // 8.5.1 Overview... 372 // 8.5.2 Function of the male genitalia... 372 // 8.5.3 Development of the male genitalia... 372 // 8.5.4 Penis and scrotum... 375 // 8.5.5 Testis and epididymis... 376 // 8.5.6 Vas deferens and spermatic cord ... 377 // 8.5.7 Accessory sex glands... 378 // 8.5.8 Vessels and nerves of the external and // internal male genitalia ... 379 // 8.6 Female genitalia... 383 // 8.6.1 Overview... 384 // 8.6.2 Function of the female genitalia ... 385 // 8.6.3 Development of the external and // internal female genitalia... 385 // 8.6.4 Vulva... 386 // 8.6.5 Ovary and fallopian tubes

... 387 // 8.6.6 Uterus... 388 // 8.6.7 Vagina... 389 // 8.6.8 Vessels and nerves of the external // and internal female genitalia... 390 // 8.7 Retroperitoneal space // and pelvic cavity... 392 // 8.7.1 Overview... 392 // 8.7.2 Retroperitoneal space... 392 // 8.7.3 Subperitoneal space... 392 // 8.8 Vessels and nerves of the extraperitoneal // space and pelvic cavity ... 394 // 8.8.1 Overview... 394 // 8.8.2 Arteries of the retroperitoneum // and pelvic cavity... 394 // 8.8.3 Veins of the retroperitoneum // and pelvic cavity... 397 // 8.8.4 Lymphatic vessels of the // retroperitoneum and pelvic cavity ... 398 // 8.8.5 Nerves of the retroperitoneum and // pelvic cavity... 400 // 8.9 Pelvic floor and perineal region ... 401 // 8.9.1 Overview... 401 // 8.9.2 Pelvic floor... 401 // 8.9.3 Perineal region ... 402 // IV HEAD AND THROAT // 9 Head... 409 // 9.1 Skull... 411 // Lars Brauer // 9.1.1 Neurocranium and viscerocranium... 411 // 9.1.2 Skull development - Embryology... 411 // 9.1.3 Calvaria ... 413 // 9.1.4 Base of the skull ... 414 // 9.1.5 Individual bones of // the viscerocranium... 418 // 9.1.6 Individual bones of // the neurocranium ... 422 // 9.2 Soft tissue covering... 424 // Lars Brauer, Friedrich Paulsen // 9.2.1 Overview... 424 // 9.2.2 Scalp... 425 // 9.2.3 Face and facial soft tissue ... 428 // 9.2.4 Superficial lateral facial region ... 436 // 9.2.5 Deep lateral facial region... 439 // 9.3 Cranial nerves... 443 // Lars Bräuer // 9.3.1 N. olfactorius [I]... 444

9.3.2 N. opticus [II]... 445 // 9.3.3 N. oculomotorius [III] ... 445 // 9.3.4 N. trochlearis [IV] ... 446 // 9.3.5 N. trigeminus [V]... 447 // 9.3.6 N. abducens [VI] ... 449 // 9.3.7 N. facialis [VII] ... 449 // 9.3.8 N. vestibulocochlearis [Vlil]... 453 // 9.3.9 N. glossopharyngeus [IX]... 454 // 9.3.10 N. vagus [X]... 455 // 9.3.11 N. accessorius [XI] ... 457 // 9.3.12 N. hypoglossus [XII] ... 457 // 9.4 Eye ... 459 // Michael Scholz // 9.4.1 Embryology... 460 // 9.4.2 Protective and auxiliary // structures of the eye... 461 // 9.4.3 Orbita... 465 // 9.4.4 Bulbus oculi... 472 // 9.5 Ear... 477 // Friedrich Paulsen // 9.5.1 Embryology... 478 // 9.5.2 External ear... 478 // 9.5.3 Middle ear ... 481 // 9.5.4 Internal ear... 488 // 9.6 Nose... 491 // Friedrich Paulsen // 9.6.1 Overview ... 492 // 9.6.2 Development... 492 // 9.6.3 External nose... 493 // 9.6.4 Nasal cavities... 495 // 9.6.5 Paranasal sinuses... 499 // 9.6.6 Vascular, lymphatic and // nervous systems... 500 // 9.7 Oral cavity, masticatory apparatus, // tongue, palate, floor of the mouth, salivary glands ... 502 // Wolfgang H. Arnold // 9.7.1 Oral cavity ... 503 // 9.7.2 Masticatory apparatus-teeth... 506 // 9.7.3 Masticatory apparatus - // Masticatory muscles... 512 // 9.7.4 Masticatory apparatus - // temporomandibular joint... 514 // 9.7.5 Tongue... 516 // 9.7.6 Palate ... 520 // 9.7.7 Floor of the mouth ... 524 // 9.7.8 Lymphatic pathways of // the oral cavity ... 526 // 9.7.9 Salivary glands ... 526 // 10 Neck...

531 // 10.1 Overview... 533 // Michael Scholz // 10.1.1 Surface anatomy of the neck... 533 // 10.1.2 Regions of the neck and neck triangles . . 534 // 10.2 Musculoskeletal system of the neck ... 534 // Michael Scholz // 10.2.1 Passive sections ... 534 // 10.2.2 Active sections - neck muscles... 535 // 10.3 Cervical fascia and connective // tissue spaces... 541 // Michael Scholz // 10.3.1 Neck fasciae... 542 // 10.3.2 Connective tissue spaces of the neck ... 543 // 10.4 Vascular, lymphatic and // nervous systems of the neck... 545 // Michael Scholz // 10.4.1 Arteries of the neck... 545 // 10.4.2 Veins of the neck... 548 // 10.4.3 Nerves of the neck ... 550 // 10.4.4 Lymph nodes of the neck... 557 // 10.5 Thyroid and parathyroid glands... 559 // Michael Scholz // 10.5.1 Location and function... 559 // 10.5.2 Development... 559 // 10.5.3 Vascular, lymphatic and // nervous systems... 561 // 10.6 Larynx ... 562 // Friedrich Paulsen // 10.6.1 Overview... 563 // 10.6.2 Development... 563 // 10.6.3 Laryngeal skeleton ... 564 // 10.6.4 Laryngeal levels ... 571 // 10.6.5 Structure of the Plicae vocales // und Plicae vestibulares... 572 // 10.6.6 Vascular, lymphatic and // nervous systems... 573 // 10.7 Pharynx ... 575 // Wolfgang H. Arnold // 10.7.1 Development... 575 // 10.7.2 Levels of the pharynx... 575 // 10.7.3 Pharyngeal wall... 576 // 10.7.4 Pharyngeal musculature ... 576 // 10.7.5 Vascular, lymphatic and // nervous systems... 577 // 10.7.6 Swallowing ... 579 // 10.7.7 Lymphatic

pharyngeal ring ... 579 // V NEUROANATOMY // 11 General neuroanatomy ... 583 // 11.1 Embryology... 584 // Tobias M. Böckers // 11.1.1 Overview... 584 // 11.1.2 Further brain development ... 586 // 11.1.3 Development of the spinal cord... 591 // 11.1.4 Development of the peripheral nervous // system ... 593 // 11.2 Structure of the nervous system ... 593 // Anja Böckers // 11.2.1 Overview... 593 // 11.2.2 Structure of the CNS... 593 // 11.2.3 Morphology of the CNS ... 594 // 11.2.4 Distribution of grey matter // in the CNS ... 599 // 11.2.5 Distribution of white matter // in the CNS .../... 599 // 11.3 Meninges... 603 // Michael J. Schmeißer // 11.3.1 Overview... 603 // 11.3.2 Embryology... 604 // 11.3.3 Pachymeninx - Dura mater ... 604 // 11.3.4 Leptomeninx... 604 // 11.3.5 Neurovascular pathways // of the meninges... 606 // 11.4 Ventricular system and // adjacent structures ... 607 // Anja Böckers // 11.4.1 Overview and structure ... 607 // 11.4.2 Embryology... 608 // 11.4.3 Inner cerebrospinal fluid space... 609 // 11.4.4 External subarachnoid fluid spaces - // Spatium subarachnoideum ... 610 // 11.4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid ... 610 // 11.4.6 Circumventricular organs... 611 // 11.5 Cerebral vessels ... 612 // Thomas Deller // 11.5.1 Overview... 612 // 11.5.2 A. carotis interna and its branches. 617 // 11.5.3 Aa. vertebrales/A. basilaris // and their branches ... 619 // 11.5.4 Central blood supply... 622 // 11.5.5 Vascular supply of the spinal cord.. 623 // 11.5.6 Topography

and supply // areas of the arteries ... 624 // 11.5.7 Clinical description // of the vascular sections ... 628 // 11.5.8 Venous sinuses of the brain... 628 // 11.5.9 Presentation of the vasculature... 630 // 12 Special neuroanatomy... 635 // 12.1 Telencephalon... 637 // 12.1.1 Overview... 637 // 12.1.2 Embryology... 637 // 12.1.3 Classification of the telencephalon. 637 // 12.1.4 Fibre systems of the telencephalon ... 638 // 12.1.5 Neocortex ... 638 // 12.1.6 Archicortex ... 643 // 12.1.7 Paleocortex ... 650 // 12.1.8 Subcortical nuclei... 652 // 12.2 Diencephalon ... 656 // Tobias M. Böckers // 12.2.1 Overview... 656 // 12.2.2 Epithalamus... 657 // 12.2.3 Thalamus... 658 // 12.2.4 Hypothalamus... 660 // 12.2.5 Subthalamus... 664 // 12.3 Brainstem ... 664 // Michael J. Schmeißer, // Stephan Schwarzacher // 12.3.1 Mesencephalon... 664 // 12.3.2 Pons and Medulla oblongata... 668 // 12.3.3 Functional systems of the brainstem . . . 672 // 12.3.4 Blood supply to the brainstem... 673 // 12.4 Cerebellum ... 673 // Michael J. Schmeißer // 12.4.1 Overview... 674 // 12.4.2 Embryology... 674 // 12.4.3 Position and external appearance... 674 // 12.4.4 Internal structure... 676 // 12.4.5 Neurovascular pathways ... 677 // 12.4.6 Blood supply... 678 // 12.5 Cranial nerves... 679 // Anja Böckers, Michael J. Schmeißer // 12.5.1 Overview... 679 // 12.5.2 Embryology... 681 // 12.5.3 Arterial blood supply ... 684 // 12.5.4 N. olfactorius (1st cranial nerve, N. I) ... 684 // 12.5.5 N. opticus

(2nd cranial nerve, N. II)... 685 // 12.5.6 N. oculomotorius // (3rd cranial nerve, N. Ill)... 685 // 12.5.7 N. trochlearis (4th cranial nerve, N. IV) . . 687 // 12.5.8 N. trigeminus (5th cranial nerve, N. V) .. 688 // 12.5.9 N. abducens (6th cranial nerve, N. VI) . . . 695 // 12.5.10 N. facialis (7th cranial nerve, N. VII). 696 // 12.5.11 N. vestibulocochlearis // (8th cranial nerve, N. VIII)... 699 // 12.5.12 N. glossopharyngeus // (9th cranial nerve, N. IX)... 701 // 12.5.13 N. vagus (10th cranial nerve, N. X) ... 704 // 12.5.14 N. accessorius // (11th cranial nerve, N. XI)... 708 // 12.5.15 N. hypoglossus // (12th cranial nerve, N. XII) ... 709 // 12.6 Spinal cord... 711 // Anja Böckers // 12.6.1 Overview... 711 // 12.6.2 Segmental structure // of the Medulla spinalis... 711 // 12.6.3 Surface and cross-sectional anatomy . . . 712 // 12.6.4 Structure of the Substantia grisea... 715 // 12.6.5 Structure of the Substantia alba ... 716 // 12.6.6 Blood supply... 719 // 12.6.7 Motor functions of the spinal cord ... 720 // 13 Functional systems... 723 // 13.1 Somatic nervous system... 725 // Tobias M. Böckers // 13.1.1 Overview... 725 // 13.1.2 Central section... 725 // 13.1.3 Peripheral section... 730 // 13.1.4 Execution of voluntary movements ... 731 // 13.2 Somatosensory system... 732 // Anja Böckers // 13.2.1 Overview... 732 // 13.2.2 Peripheral section... 732 // 13.2.3 Central section... 732 // 13.3 Visual system ... ... 738 // Michael J. Schmeißer // 13.3.1 Optic tract ...

738 // 13.3.2 Visual reflexes... 740 // 13.3.3 Management of ocular motor function . . 741 // 13.4 Auditory system... 742 // Anja Böckers // 13.4.1 Overview... 743 // 13.4.2 Peripheral section... 743 // 13.4.3 Central section... 744 // 13.5 Vestibular system... 746 // Anja Böckers // 13.5.1 Overview... 746 // 13.5.2 Peripheral section... 746 // 13.5.3 Central section... 746 // 13.6 Olfactory system ... 748 // Michael J. Schmeißer // 13.6.1 Regio olfactoria... 749 // 13.6.2 Pathway of the olfactory tract... 749 // 13.6.3 Olfactory cortex ... 750 // 13.7 Gustatory system... 750 // Anja Böckers // 13.7.1 Peripheral section... 750 // 13.7.2 Central section... 751 // 13.8 Nociceptive system ... 752 // Anja Böckers // 13.8.1 Overview... 752 // 13.8.2 Pain conduction...*... 752 // 13.8.3 Pain processing... 754 // 13.9 Autonomic nervous system... 755 // Thomas Deller // 13.9.1 Overview... 755 // 13.9.2 Visceromotor function ... 756 // 13.9.3 Viscerosensory function... 762 // 13.9.4 Autonomic reflex arcs // and control circuits... 763 // 13.9.5 Central regulation // of the autonomic nervous system... 764 // 13.9.6 Summary and outlook ... 768 // 13.10 Limbic system... 768 // Thomas Deller // 13.10.1 Overview... 768 // 13.10.2 Components of the limbic system... 769 // 13.10.3 Neuronal circuits of the limbic system .. 769