CONTENTS // Acknowledgments vii // Introduction 1 // Part One: Origins // 1. Celts, Anglo-Saxons, and Danes 9 // 2. The Norman Conquest and the Rise of French 19 // 3. The Resurgence of English 35 // Part Two: The Nature of Legal Language // 4. Talking Like a Lawyer 51 // 5. The Quest for Precision 71 // 6. The Legal Lexicon 87 // 7. Interpretation and Meaning 115 // 8. Variation 133 // Part Three: In the Courtroom // 9. Pleadings: Constructing the Legal Narrative 147 // 10. Testimony and Truth 153 // 11. Completing the Story 181 // Part Four: Reforming the Language of the Law // 12. What Makes Legal Language Difficult to Understand? 203 // 13. Plain English 211 // 14. Communicating with the Jury 231 // Conclusion 241 // VI // Contents // Appendices // A. An Anglo-Saxon Legal Document 245 // B. A Case in Law French 247 // C. A Modern Will 249 // D. Excerpts from Jury Instructions 251 // E. Original Citibank Promissory Note 257 // F. Revised Citibank Promissory Note 261 // Notes 263 // Select Bibliography 293 // Word and Phrase Index 299 // General Index 305