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BK

Eighth edition

New York ; London : W. W. Norton & Company, [2019]

xxxii, 671, 127 stran v různém stránkování : ilustrace (některé barevné), faksimile ; 24 cm

ISBN 978-0-393-42200-9 (brožováno)

"International student edition"--Obálka

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii, bibliografické odkazy a rejstříky

001638868

Preface xxiii // Chapter 1 // The Study of the Person 2 // The Goals of Personality Psychology 5 // Mission: Impossible 5 // Competitors or Complements ? 7 // Distinct Approaches Versus the One Big Theory 9 // Advantages as Disadvantages and Vice Versa 10 // The Plan of This Book 12 // Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individual Differences 14 // Wrapping It Up 16 // Summary 16 // Key Terms 16 // Think About It 17 // PART I The Science of Personality: Methods and Assessment 18 // Chapter 2 Personality Research Methods 20 // Psychology’s Emphasis on Method 21 // Scientific Education and Technical Training 22 // Personality Data 23 // Four Kinds of Clues 24 // Quality of Data 45 // Research Design 54 // Case Method 54 // An Experimental and a Correlational Study 56 // Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods 58 // Conclusion 61 // Wrapping It Up 62 // Summary 62 // Key Terms 63 // Think About It 64 // Suggested Resources 65 // Chapter 3 // Personality Assessment: Effect Size, Replicability, // and Open Science 66 // Personality Assessment 67 // The Business of Testing 68 // Personality Tests 69 // S-Data Versus B-Data Personality Tests 70 // Projective Tests 71 // Objective Tests 76 // Methods of Objective Test Construction 78 // Evaluating Assessment and Research 85 // Significance Testing 86 // Effect Size 8 8 // Replication 93 // Ethical Issues 96 // Purposes of Personality Testing 96 // Protection of Research Participants 98 // The Uses of Psychological Research 100 // Honesty and Open Science 101 // Conclusion 102 // Wrapping It Up 103 // Summary 103 // Key Terms 105 // Think About It 105 // Suggested Resources 106 // PART II How People Differ: The Trait Approach 108 // Chapter 4 Persons and Situations no // The Trait Approach 111 // People Are Inconsistent 113 // The Person-Situation Debate 115 // Predictability 116 // The Power of the Situation 123 //

Absolute Versus Relative Consistency 128 // Are Person Perceptions Fundamentally Mistaken 133 // Personality and Life 134 // Persons and Situations 136 // Interactionism 136 // Persons, Situations, and Values 137 // People Are Different 140 // Wrapping It Up 142 // Summary 142 // Key Terms 144 // Think About It 144 // Suggested Resources 145 // Chapter 5 Personality Judgment 146 // Consequences of Everyday Judgments of Personality 148 // Opportunities 148 // Expectancies 149 // The Accuracy of Personality Judgment 152 // Criteria for Accuracy 153 // First Impressions 154 // Moderators of Accuracy 159 // The Realistic Accuracy Model 170 // Accurate Self-Knowledge 173 // Self-Knowledge Versus Knowledge of Others 174 // Improving Self-Knowledge 177 // Accuracy Matters 178 // Wrapping It Up 179 // Summary 179 // Key Terms 180 // Think About It 181 // Suggested Resources 181 // chapter 6 // Traits and Types: The Big Five and Beyond 182 // Four Ways to Study Personality 185 // The Single-Trait Approach 187 // Self-Monitoring 187 // Narcissism 191 // The Many-Trait Approach 196 // California Q-Set 197 // Talking 198 // Political Beliefs 201 // The Essential-Trait Approach 204 // Reducing the Many to a Few: Theoretical Approaches 204 // Reducing the Many to a Few: Factor Analytic // Approaches 205 // The Big Five and Beyond 206 // Extraversion 208 // Neuroticism 212 // Conscientiousness 212 // Agreeableness 213 // Openness to Experience/Culture/Intellect 215 // Beyond the Big Five 216 // Typological Approaches to Personality 217 // Evaluating Tppologies 217 // The Mpers-Briggs Type Indicator 220 // Uses of Personalitp Types 221 // From Assessment to Understanding 222 // Wrapping It Up 222 // Summary 222 // Key Terms 224 // Think About It 224 // Suggested Resources 225 // Chapter 7 Personality Stability, Development, and Change 226 // Personality Stability 228 //

Evidence for Stability 228 // Causes of Stability 229 // Personality Development 235 // Cross-Sectional Studies 235 // Cohort Effects 237 // Longitudinal Studies 237 // Causes of Personality Development 239 // The Social Clock 240 // The Development of Narrative Identity 241 // Goals Across the Life Span 243 // Personality Change 244 // The Desire for Change 244 // Psychotherapy 246 // General Interventions 248 // Targeted Interventions 248 // Behaviors and Life Experiences 252 // Overcoming Obstacles to Change 255 // Principles of Personality Continuity and Change 257 // Is Personality Change Good or Bad? 259 // Wrapping It Up 260 // Summary 260 // Key Terms 262 // Think About It 262 // Suggested Resources 263 // PART III The Mind and the Body: Biological Approaches // to Personality 264 // Chapter 8 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality 266 // The Anatomy of Personality 269 // Research Methods for Studying the Brain 271 // The Amygdala // The Frontal Lobes and the Neocortex 280 // The Anterior Cingulate 284 // The Lessons of Psycho surgery 285 // Brain Systems 287 // The Biochemistry of Personality 288 // Neurotransmitters 292 // Hormones 295 // The Big Five and the Brain 303 // Biology: Cause and Effect 305 // Wrapping It Up 306 // Summary 306 // Key Terms 308 // Think About It 309 // Suggested Besources 309 // Chapter 9 // Genetics and Evolution: The Inheritance of Personality 310 // Behavioral Genetics 312 // Controversy 312 // Calculating Heritability 313 // What Heritability Tells You 316 // What Heritability CanI Tell You 319 // Molecular Genetics 320 // Gene-Environment Interactions 323 // Genome-WideAssociation Studies 327 // Epigenetics 328 // The Future of Behavioral Genetics 329 // Evolutionary Personality Psychology 330 // Evolution and Behavior 330 // Individual Differences 334 // Five Stress Tests for Evolutionary Psychology 336 //

The Contribution of Evolutionary Theory 341 // Inheritance Is the Beginning, Not the End 342 // Will Biology Replace Psychology? 343 // Wrapping It Up 345 // Summary 345 // Key Terms 348 // Think About It 348 // Suggested Resources 349 // PART IV The Hidden World of the Mind: The Psychoanalytic // Approach 350 // Chapter 10 Basics of Psychoanalysis 352 // Freud Himself 353 // Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis 356 // Psychic Determinism 356 // Internal Structure 357 // Psychic Conflict and Compromise 358 // Mental Energy 359 // Controversy 360 // Psychoanalysis, Life, and Death 361 // Psychosexual Development: "Follow the Money" 363 // Oral Stage 365 // Anal Stage 368 // Phallic Stage 370 // Genital Stage 373 // Moving Through Stages 374 // Thinking and Consciousness 375 // Parapraxes 377 // Forgetting 377 // Slips 378 // Anxiety and Defense 380 // Psychoanalysis as a Therapy and as a Route Toward // Understanding 381 // Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique 383 // Excessive Complexity 384 // Case Study Method 384 // Vague Definitions 384 // Untestability 385 // Sexism 385 // Why Study Freud? 386 // Wrapping It Up 388 // Summary 388 // Key Terms 390 // Think About It 391 // Suggested Resources 392 // Contents xvii // Chapter 11 Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, // Object Relations, and Current Research 394 // Interpreting Freud 397 // Latter-Day Issues and Theorists 398 // Common Themes of Neo-Freudian Thought 398 // Inferiority and Compensation: Adler 400 // The Collective Unconscious, Persona, and Personality: Jung 401 // Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Homey 403 // Psychosocial Development: Erikson 404 // Object Relations Theory: Klein and Winnicott 406 // Where Have All the Neo-Freudian Theorists Gone ? 410 // Current Psychoanalytic Research 410 // Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses 412 // Psychoanalysis in Perspective 415 // Wrapping It Up 416 //

Summary 416 // Key Terms 417 // Think About It 417 // Suggested Resources 418 // PART V Experience and Awareness: Humanistic and Cross-Cultural Psychology 420 // Chapter 12 Humanistic Psychology, Positive Psychology, and the Science of Happiness 422 // Phenomenology: Awareness Is Everything 424 // Existentialism 426 // The Three Parts of Experience 427 // "Thrown-ness" and Angst 427 // Bad Faith 428 // Authentic Existence 430 // The Eastern Alternative 432 // Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow 433 // Self-Actualization: Rogers 433 // The Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow 434 // The Fully Functioning Person 437 // Psychotherapy 438 // Personal Constructs: Kelly 440 // Sources of Constructs 440 // Constructs and Reality 442 // Positive Psychology 444 // Virtues 445 // Positive Experience: Mindfulness, Flow, and Awe 447 // Happiness 452 // Defining Happiness 453 // Sources of Happiness 453 // Consequences of Happiness 456 // Humanistic and Positive Psychology in the 21st // Century 457 // The Mpsterp of Experience 458 // Understanding Others 459 // Wrapping It Up 460 // Summary 460 // Key Terms 462 // Think About It 462 // Suggested Resources 463 // Chapter 13 Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, // and Personality 464 // Culture and Psychology 466 // Cross-Cultural Universals Versus Specificitp 466 // What Is Culture? 467 // The Importance of Cross-Cultural Differences 467 // Cross-Cultural Understanding 468 // Generalizabilitp of Theorp and Research 469 // Varieties of Human Experience 470 // Characteristics of Cultures 472 // Etics and Emics 472 // Tough and Easp 472 // Achievement and Affiliation 473 // Complexitp 474 // Tightness and Looseness 474 // Head Versus Heart 475 // Collectivism and Individualism 477 // Honor, Face, and Dignitp 484 // Cultural Assessment and Personality Assessment 486 // Comparing the Same Traits Across Cultures 486 //

Different Traits for Different Cultures ? 490 // Thinking 491 // Values 493 // The Origins of Cultural Differences 496 // Avoiding the Issue 496 // The Ecological Approach 496 // Genetics and Culture 499 // Challenges and New Directions for Cross-Cultural Research // Ethnocentrism 500 // The Exaggeration of Cultural Differences 501 // Cultures and Values 502 // Subcultures and Multiculturalism 503 // The Universal Human Condition 505 // Wrapping It Up 507 // Summary 507 // Key Terms 509 // Think About It 510 // Suggested Resources 510 // PART VI What Personality Does: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and the Self 512 // Chapter 14 Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking 514 // Rehaviorism 516 // Habituation 517 // Classical Conditioning 518 // Operant Conditioning 520 // Social Learning Theory 522 // Shortcomings of Behaviorism 523 // Motivation 527 // Goals 528 // Strategies 536 // Emotion 538 // Emotional Experience 539 // Varieties of Emotions 540 // Individual Differences in Emotional Life 543 // Cognitive Theories of Personality: CAPS and BEATS 545 // CAPS 545 // BEATS 547 // Personality as a Verb 548 // Wrapping It Up 549 // Summary 549 // Key Terms 551 // Think About It 552 // Suggested Resources 552 // Chapter 15 The Self: What You Know About You 554 // The I and the Me 554 // The Contents and Purposes of the Self 556 // The Declarative Self 558 // Self-Esteem 558 // The Self-Schema 561 // Self-Reference and Memory 564 // Self-Efficacy 565 // Possible Selves 566 // Self-Discrepancy Theory 567 // The Procedural Self 568 // Relational Selves 569 // Implicit Selves 570 // Acquiring and Changing Procedural Knowledge 572 // How Many Selves? 573 // The Really Real Self 575 // Wrapping It Up 577 // Summary 577 // Key Terms 578 // Think About It 579 // Suggested Resources 579 // PART VII Applications of Personality Psychology 580 //

Chapter 16 Relationships and Business 582 // Relationships 583 // Deal-makers: Traits that Promote Good Relationships 584 // Deal-breakers: Traits that Prevent or Undermine // Relationships 585 // Compatibility 588 // Sexual Relationships 589 // Love and Attachment 599 // Work and Business 605 // Occupational Success 605 // Leadership and Management 610 // Occupational Choice 612 // Personality and Life 613 // Wrapping It Up 614 // Summary 614 // Key Terms 616 // Think About It 616 // Suggested Resources 617 // Contents xxi // Chapter 17 Mental and Physical Health 618 // Personality Disorders 620 // The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) 620 // Controversy over the DSM 620 // Purposes of the DSM 621 // Defining Personality Disorders 622 // Unusually Extreme and Problematic 623 // Social, Stable, and Ego-Syntonic 624 // The Major Personality Disorders 625 // Schizotypal Personality Disorder 626 // Narcissistic Personality Disorder 627 // Antisocial Personality Disorder 629 // Borderline Personality Disorder 630 // Avoidant Personality Disorder 633 // Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 634 // Organizing and Diagnosing Disorders with the DSM-g 636 // The Bad Five 636 // Diagnosis 638 // Personality and Disorder 639 // Pathologizing 639 // Mental Health 640 // Labeling 640 // Normal and Abnormal 641 // Physical Health 642 // Connections between Personality and Health 642 // The Type A Personality 644 // Emotionality 647 // Conscientiousness 649 // Prospects for Improving Health 651 // The Healthy Personality 651 // Wrapping It Up 653 // Summary 653 // Key Terms 655 // Think About It 656 // Suggested Resources 657 // Chapter 18 What Have We Learned? 658 // Which Approach is Right? 660 // What Have We Learned? 661 // Besearch Methods Are Useful 662 // Cross-Situational Consistency and Aggregation 664 // Personality Growth and Change 665 //

The Biological Roots of Personality 665 // The Unconscious Mind 666 // Free Will and Responsibility 666 // The Nature of Happiness 667 // Culture and Personality 667 // Choosing and Changing Situations 667 // Construals 668 // The Fine, Uncertain, and Important Line Between Normal // andAbnormal 668 // Personality, Behavior, and Health 669 // The Quest for Understanding 669 // Wrapping It Up 670 // Summary 670 // Think About It 670 // Suggested Resources 671 // Credits C-1 // References R-1 // Glossary G-1 // Name Index N-1 // Subject Index S-1