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BK

Příručka

Second edition

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2020

x, 600 stran : ilustrace (převážně barevné) ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-1-108-74568-0 (brožováno)

Obsahuje bibliografie a rejstřík

001640546

Preface to the Second Edition page ix // 1 Twenty-First Century Fungal Communities 1 // 1.1 What and Where Are Fungi? 1 // 1.2 Soil, the Essential Terrestrial Habitat 2 // 1.3 How Much Soil Is There and Where Is It? 3 // 1.4 The Nature of Soil and Who Made It 3 // 1.5 Soil Biota Are Extremely Varied and Numerous // 1.6 Microbial Diversity in Soil 5 // 1.7 Microbial Diversity in General 6 // 1.8 Geomycology 7 // 1.9 The Origins of Agriculture and Our Dependence on Fungi 11 // 1.10 References 12 // 2 Evolutionary Origins 15 // 2.1 Life, the Universe and Everything 15 // 2.2 Planet Earth: Your Habitat 16 // 2.3 The Goldilocks Planet 17 // 2.4 The Tree of Life Has Three Domains 18 // 2.5 The Kingdom Fungi 24 // 2.6 The Opisthokonts 26 // 2.7 Fossil Fungi 26 // 2.8 The Fungal Phylogeny 29 // 2.9 References 34 // 3 Natural Classification of Fungi 38 // 3.1 The Members of the Kingdom 38 // 3.2 The Chytrids 39 // 3.3 Neocallimastigomycota 41 // 3.4 Blastoc/adiomycota 42 // 3.5 The Traditional Zygomycetes 45 // 3.6 Glomeromycotma 50 // 3.7 Ascomycota 51 // 3.8 Basidiomycota 57 // 3.9 The Species Concept in Fungi 68 // 3.10 The Untrue Fungi 70 // 3.11 Ecosystem Mycology 72 // 3.12 References 74 // 4 Hyphal Cell Biology and Growth on Solid Substrates 79 // 4.1 Mycelium: The Hyphal Mode of Growth 79 // 4.2 Spore Germination and Dormancy 80 // 4.3 The Fungal Lifestyle: Colony Formation 80 // 4.4 Mycelium Growth Kinetics 81 // 4.5 Colony Growth to Maturity 84 // 4.6 Morphological Differentiation of Fungal Colonies 84 // 4.7 Duplication Cycle in Moulds 85 // 4.8 Regulation of Nuclear Migration 86 // 4.9 Growth Kinetics 86 // 4.10 Autotropic Reactions 90 // 4.11 Hyphal Branching 91 // 4.12 Septation 92 // 4.13 Ecological Advantage of Mycelial Growth in Colonising Solid Substrates 93 // 4.14 References 94 // 5 Fungal Cell Biology 97 // 5.1 Mechanisms of Mycelial Growth 97 // 5.2 The Fungus As a Model Eukaryote 97 //

5.2 The Fungus As a Model Eukaryote 97 // 5.3 The Essentials of Cell Structure 99 // 5.4 Subcellular Components of Eukaryotic Cells: // The Nucleus 101 // 5.5 The Nucleolus and Nuclear Import and Export 104 // 5.6 Mitotic Nuclear Division 105 // 5.7 Meiotic Nuclear Division 107 // 5.8 Translation of mRNA and Protein Sorting 108 // 5.9 The Endomembrane Systems 110 // 5.10 Cytoskeletal Systems 113 // 5.11 Molecular Motors 115 // 5.12 Plasma Membrane and Signalling Pathways 120 // 5.13 Fungal Cell Wall 122 // 5.14 Cell Biology of the Hyphal Apex 124 // 5.15 Hyphal Fusions and Mycelial Interconnections 127 // 5.16 Cytokinesis and Septation 130 // 5.17 Yeast-Mycelial Dimorphism 135 // 5.18 References 136 // 6 Fungal Genetics: From Gene Segregation to Gene Editing 143 // 6.1 Basic Fungal Genetics 143 // 6.2 Establishing Fungal Genetic Structure 144 // 6.3 Introns 146 // 6.4 Alternative Splicing 148 // 6.5 Transposons 148 // 6.6 Ploidy and Genomie Variation 149 // 6.7 Sequencing Fungal Genomes 150 // 6.8 Annotating the Genome 153 // 6.9 Fungal Genomes and Their Comparison 158 // 6.10 Manipulating Genomes: Gene Editing 159 // 6.11 References 165 // 7 Structure and Synthesis of Fungal Cell Walls 171 // 7.1 The Fungal Wall As a Working Organelle 171 // 7.2 Fundamentals of Wall Structure and Function 172 // 7.3 Fundamentals of Wall Architecture 175 // 7.4 The Chitin Component 175 // 7.5 The Glucan Component 177 // 7.6 The Glycoprotein Component 178 // 7.7 Wall Synthesis and Remodelling 180 // 7.8 On the Far Side 184 // 7.9 References 187 // 8 From the Haploid to the Functional Diploid: Homokaryons, Heterokaryons, Dikaryons and Compatibility 192 // 8.1 Compatibility and the Individualistic Mycelium 192 // 8.2 Formation of Heterokaryons 194 // 8.3 Breakdown of a Heterokaryon 195 // 8.4 The Dikaryon 196 // 8.5 Vegetative Compatibility 197 // 8.6 Biology of Incompatibility Systems 200 //

8.7 Gene Segregation During the Mitotic Division Cycle 201 // 8.8 Parasexual Cycle 204 // 8.9 Cytoplasmic Segregations: Mitochondria, Plasmids Viruses and Prions 205 // 8.10 References 208 // 9 Sexual Reproduction: The Basis of Diversity and Taxonomy 211 // 9.1 The Process of Sexual Reproduction 211 // 9.2 Mating in Budding Yeast 214 // 9.3 Mating Type Switching in Budding Yeast 215 // 9.4 Mating Types of Neurospora 218 // 9.5 Mating Types in Basidiomycota 220 // 9.6 Biology of Mating Type Factors 226 // 9.7 References 226 // 10 Continuing the Diversity Theme: Cell and Tissue Differentiation 229 // 10.1 What Is Diversity? 229 // 10.2 Mycelial Differentiation 230 // 10.3 Making Spores 232 // 10.4 Aspergillus Conidiophores 235 // 10.5 Conidiation in Neurospora crassa 237 // 10.6 Conidiomata 238 // 10.7 Linear Structures: Strands, Cords, Rhizomorphs and Stipes 240 // 10.8 Globose Structures: Sclerotia, Stromata, // Ascomata and Basidiomata 242 // 10.9 References 245 // 11 Fungi in Ecosystems 249 // 11.1 Contributions of Fungi to Ecosystems 249 // 11.2 Breakdown of Polysaccharide: Cellulose 250 // 11.3 Breakdown of Polysaccharide: // Hemicellulose 252 // 11.4 Breakdown of Polysaccharide: Pectins 252 // 11.5 Breakdown of Polysaccharide: Chitin 253 // 11.6 Breakdown of Polysaccharide: Starch and Glycogen 253 // 11.7 Lignin Degradation 255 // 11.8 Digestion of Protein 258 // 11.9 Lipases and Esterases 259 // 11.10 Phosphatases and Sulfatases 260 // 11.11 The Flow of Nutrients: Transport and Translocation 260 // 11.12 Primary (Intermediary) Metabolism 263 // 11.13 Secondary Metabolites, Including Commercial // Products Like Statins and Strobilurins 268 // 11.14 References 275 // 12 Exploiting Fungi for Food 279 // 12.1 Fungi As Food 279 // 12.2 Fungi in Food Webs 279 // 12.3 Wild Harvests: Commercial Mushroom Picking 284 // 12.4 Cells and Mycelium As Human Food 286 // 12.5 Fermented Foods 287 // 12.6 Industrial Cultivation Methods 287 //

12.7 Gardening Insects and Fungi 291 // 12.8 Development of a Fungal Sporophore 291 // 12.9. References 291 // 13 Development and Morphogenesis 295 // 13.1 Development and Morphogenesis 295 // 13.2 The Formal Terminology of Developmental Biology 296 // 13.3 The Observational and Experimental Basis of Fungal Developmental Biology 298 // 13.4 Ten Ways to Make a Mushroom 299 // 13.5 Competence and Regional Patterning 301 // 13.6 The Coprinopsis Mushroom: Making Hymenia 303 // 13.7 Coprinopsis and Volvariella Making Gills (Not Forgetting How Polypores Make Tubes) 306 // 13.8 The Coprinopsis Mushroom: Making Stems 310 // 13.9 Coordination of Cell Inflation Throughout the Maturing Mushroom 312 // 13.10 Mushroom Mechanics 314 // 13.11 Metabolic Regulation in Relation to Morphogenesis 314 // 13.12 Developmental Commitment 317 // 13.13 Comparisons with Other Tissues and Other Organisms 319 // 13.14 Genetic Approaches to Study Development. Through the Classic to Genomic Systems Analysis 320 // 13.15 Senescence and Death 330 // 13.16 Basic Principles of Fungal Developmental Biology 331 // 13.17 References 332 // 14 Ecosystem Mycology: Saprotrophs, and Mutualisms Between Plants and Fungi 341 // 14.1 Ecosystem Mycology 341 // 14.2 Fungi As Recyclers and Saprotrophs 346 // 14.3 Make the Earth Move 347 // 14.4 Fungal Toxins: Food Contamination and Deterioration (Including Mention of Statins and Strobilurins) 348 // 14.5 Decay of Structural Timber in Dwellings 350 // 14.6 Using Fungi to Remediate Toxic and Recalcitrant Wastes 352 // 14.7 Release of Chlorohydrocarbons into the Atmosphere by Wood-Decay Fungi 354 // 14.8 Introduction to Mycorrhizas 355 // 14.9 Types of Mycorrhiza 356 // 14.10 Arbuscular (AM) Endomycorrhizas 357 // 14.11 Ericoid Endomycorrhizas 359 // 14.12 Arbutoid Endomycorrhizas 360 // 14.13 Monotropoid Endomycorrhizas 360 // 14.14 Orchidaceous Endomycorrhizas 361 // 14.15 Ectomycorrhizas 363 // 14.16 Ectendomycorrhizas 367 //

14.17 The Effects of Mycorrhizas, Their Commercial Applications and the Impact of Environmental and Climate Changes 367 // 14.18 Introduction to Lichens 373 // 14.19 Introduction to Endophytes 376 // 14.20 Epiphytes 378 // 14.21 References 378 // 15 Fungi As Symbionts and Predators of Animals 388 // 15.1 Fungal Cooperative Ventures 388 // 15.2 Ant Agriculture 389 // 15.3 Termite Gardeners of Africa 393 // 15.4 Agriculture in Beetles 395 // 15.5 Anaerobic Fungi and the Rise of the Ruminants 396 // 15.6 Nematode-Trapping Fungi 400 // 15.7 References 402 // 16 Fungi As Pathogens of Plants 408 // 16.1 Fungal Diseases and Loss of World Agricultural // Production 408 // 16.2 A Few Examples of Headline Crop Diseases 411 // 16.3 The Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Ascomycota) 412 // 16.4 Armillaria (Basidiomycota) 412 // 16.5 Pathogens that Produce Haustoria (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) 413 // 16.6 Cercospora (Ascomycota) 413 // 16.7 Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) novo-ulmi (Ascomycota) 414 // 16.8 Black Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis F. Sp. tritici) Threatens Global Wheat Harvest 415 // 16.9 Plant Disease Basics: The Disease Triangle 416 // 16.10 Necrotrophic and Biotrophic Pathogens of Plants 417 // 16.11 The Effects of Pathogens on Their Hosts 418 // 16.12 How Pathogens Attack Plants 420 // 16.13 Host Penetration Through Stomatal Openings 421 // 16.14 Direct Penetration of the Host Cell Wall 423 // 16.15 Enzymatic Penetration of the Host 423 // 16.16 Preformed and Induced Defence Mechanisms in Plants 426 // 16.17 Genetic Variation in Pathogens and Their Hosts: Coevolution of Disease Systems 427 // 16.18 References 429 // 17 Fungi As Pathogens of Animals, Including Humans 435 // 17.1 Pathogens of Insects 435 // 17.2 Microsporidia 436 // 17.3 Trichomycetes 438 // 17.4 Laboulbeniale s 439 // 17.5 Entomogenous Fungi 440 // 17.6 Biological Control of Arthropod Pests 443 //

17.7 Cutaneous Chytridiomycosis: An Emerging Infectious Disease of Amphibians 445 // 17.8 Aspergillosis Disease of Coral 446 // 17.9 Snake Fungal Disease 447 // 17.10 White-Nose Syndrome of Bats 447 // 17.11 Mycoses: The Fungus Diseases of Humans 448 // 17.12 Clinical Groupings for Human Fungal Infections 450 // 17.13 Fungi Within the Home and Their Effects on Health: Allergens and Toxins 455 // 17.14 Comparison of Animal and Plant Pathogens 459 // 17.15 Mycoparasitic and Fungicolous Fungi 461 // 17.16 References 466 // 18 Killing Fungi: Antifungals and Fungicides 473 // 18.1 Agents that Target Fungi 473 // 18.2 Antifungal Agents that Target the Fungal Membrane 474 // 18.3 Antifungal Agents that Target the Fungal Wall 481 // 18.4 Agricultural Mycocides for the Twenty-First Century: Strobilurins 482 // 18.5 Control of Fungal Diseases for the Twenty-First Century: Integrated Pest Management and Combinatorial Therapy 486 // 18.6 References 489 // 19 Whole Organism Biotechnology 492 // 19.1 Fungal Fermentations in Submerged Liquid Cultures 492 // 19.2 Culturing Fungi 493 // 19.3 Oxygen Demand and Supply 496 // 19.4 Fermenter Engineering 497 // 19.5 Fungal Growth in Liquid Cultures 499 // 19.6 Fermenter Growth Kinetics 501 // 19.7 Growth Yield 503 // 19.8 Stationary Phase 503 // 19.9 Growth As Pellets 505 // 19.10 Beyond the Batch Culture 507 // 19.11 Chemostats and Turbidostats 507 // 19.12 Uses of Submerged Fermentations 510 // 19.13 Alcoholic Fermentations 512 // 19.14 Citric Acid Biotechnology 513 // 19.15 Penicillin and Other Pharmaceuticals 514 // 19.16 Enzymes for Fabric Conditioning and Processing, and Food Processing 520 // 19.17 Steroids and Use of Fungi to Make Chemical Transformations 522 // 19.18 The Quorn® Fermentation and Evolution in Fermenters 522 // 19.19 Production of Spores and Other Inocula 528 // 19.20 Natural Digestive Fermentations in Herbivores 529 //

19.21 Solid-State Fermentations 529 // 19.22 Digestion of Lignocellulosic Residues 532 // 19.23 Bread: The Other Side of the Alcoholic Fermentation Equation 534 // 19.24 Cheese and Salami Manufacture 535 // 19.25 Soy Sauce, Tempeh and Other Food Products 539 // 19.26 Fungi As Cell Factories 540 // 19.27 References 543 // Appendices 551 // Appendix 1 Outline Classification of Fungi 551 Appendix 2 Mycelial and Hyphal Differentiation 567 // Index 579