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BK

Ninth edition

New York : The Modern Language Association of America, 2021

xxx, 367 stran : ilustrace, faksimile ; 23 cm

ISBN 978-1-60329-351-8 (brožováno)

001643142

Preface xvii // Acknowledgments xix // Introduction xxi // 1. Formatting Your Research Project 1 // [1.1] Margins 1 // [1.2] Text Formatting 1 // [1.3] Title 2 // [1.4] Running Head and Page Numbers 4 // [1.5] Internal Headings and Subheadings 4 // [1.6] Placement of the List of Works Cited 5 // [1.7] Tables and Illustrations 6 // [1.8] Lists 9 // [1.9] Integrated into Your Prose 9 // [1.10] Set Vertically 10 // [1.11] Lists introduced with a complete sentence 10 // [1.12] Lists that continue the sentence introducing them 1 2 // [1.13] Paper and Printing 13 // [1.14] Proofreading and Spellcheckers 13 // [1.15] Binding a Printed Paper 13 // [1.16] Electronic Submission 14 // 2. Mechanics of Prose 15 // [2.1] Spelling 15 // [2.2] Dictionaries 1 5 // [2.3] Plurals 15 // [2.4] Punctuation 16 // [2.5] Commas 16 // [2.6] When a comma is necessary 1 7 // [2.7] Before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses 17 // [2.8] Between coordinate adjectives 17 // [2.9] To set off parenthetical comments 18 // [2.10] After long introductory phrases and clauses 18 // [2.11] With contrasting phrases 18 // [2.12] In series 19 // [2.13] With dates and locations 19 // [2.14] With nonrestrictive modifiers 20 // [2.15] When a comma is incorrect 22 // [2.16] Subject and verb 22 // [2.17] Verb and object 22 // [2.18] Parts of a compound subject 22 // [2.19] Parts of a compound object 23 // [2.20] Two verbs that share a subject 23 // [2.21] Two subordinate elements that are parallel 23 // [2.22] When a comma is optional 23 // [2.23] With short introductory phrases and clauses 23 // [2.24] Around specific words 24 // [2.25] Before some coordinating conjunctions 24 // [2.26] Semicolons 24 // [2.27] Colons 25 // [2.28] Dashes and Parentheses 26 // [2.29] To enclose an interruption 27 // [2.30] To prevent misreading 27 // [2.31] To introduce an elaboration or an example 27 //

[2.32] To introduce a list 27 // [2.33] Hyphens 28 // [2.34] When to hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun 28 // [2.35] Adverbs 28 // [2.36] Number-noun combinations 28 // [2.37] Prepositional phrases 29 // iv // CONTENTS // [2.38] Clarity 29 // [2.39] When not to hyphenate compound adjectives before a noun 29 // [2.40] Adverbs 29 // [2.41] Comparatives and superlatives 30 // [2.42] Familiar compound terms 30 // [2.43] Foreign language terms 30 // [2.44] Proper nouns 31 // [2.45] Hyphens before suppressed words 31 // [2.46] Hyphens with prefixes 31 // [2.47] Hyphens in fractions 32 // [2.48] Hyphens versus en dashes 32 // [2.49] Apostrophes 33 // [2.50] Singular and plural nouns 33 // [2.51] Proper nouns 33 // [2.52] Nouns expressing shared possession 34 // [2.53] Letters 34 // [2.54] Plural abbreviations and numbers 34 // [2.55] Quotation Marks 34 // [2.56] To flag provisional meaning 35 // [2.57] To mark translations of words or phrases 35 // [2.58] Slashes 35 // [2.59] Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points 36 // [2.60] Italics in Prose 36 // [2.61] Words and Phrases Referred to as Words 36 // [2.62] Letters Referred to as Letters 37 // [2.63] Foreign Words in an English-Language Text 37 // [2.64] Capitalization of Terms 37 // [2.65] English 37 // [2.66] French 38 // [2.67] German 39 // [2.68] Italian 39 // [2.69] Spanish 40 // [2.70] Latin 40 // [2.71] Names of Persons in Your Prose 41 // [2.72] First Uses of Personal Names 41 // [2.73] Surnames Used Alone 43 // [2.74] English 43 // [2.75] French 44 // [2.76] German 45 // [2.77] Italian 45 // [2.78] Spanish 46 // [2.79] Latin 47 // [2.80] Asian languages 47 // [2.81] Premodern names 48 // [2.82] Transliterated Names 48 // [2.83] Titles with Personal Names 49 // [2.84] Suffixes with Personal Names 50 // [2.85] Given Names and Personal Initials 50 // [2.86] Names of Fictional Characters 51 //

[2.87] Names of Organizations and Groups 51 // [2.88] Names of Literary Periods and Cultural Movements 52 // [2.89] Titles of Works in Your Prose 53 // [2.90] Capitalizing Titles in English 54 // [2.91] Capitalizing Titles in Languages Other Than English 56 // [2.92] French 56 // [2.93] German 57 // [2.94] Italian 57 // [2.95] Spanish 57 // [2.96] Latin 58 // [2.97] Other languages in the Latin alphabet 58 // [2.98] Languages in non-Latin alphabets 58 // [2.99] Punctuation of Titles 59 // [2.100] Serial comma 59 // [2.101] Subtitles 61 // [2.102] Alternative titles 62 // [2.103] Dates appended to titles 64 // [2.104] Multivolume works 64 // [2.105] Punctuation around Titles 65 // [2.106] Styling Titles 66 // [2.107] Italicized titles 66 // [2.108] Italicized titles of works contained in a larger work 69 // [2.109] Titles in quotation marks 70 // [2.110] Titles with no formatting 71 // [2.111] Titles within Titles 73 // [2.112] Surrounding title in quotation marks 73 // [2.113] Surrounding title in italics 75 // [2.114] Surrounding title with no formatting 76 // [2.115] Quotations within Titles 77 // [2.116] Foreign Language Terms and Titles within Titles 77 // [2.117] Styling 77 // [2.118] Capitalization 78 // [2.119] Titles within titles 79 // [2.120] Shortened Titles in Your Prose 79 // [2.121] Subtitles 79 // [2.122] Conventional forms of titles 80 // [2.123] Very long titles 80 // [2.124] Punctuating shortened titles 80 // [2.125] Translating Titles in Languages Other Than English 81 // [2.126] Numbers 82 // [2.127] Use of Numerals or Words 82 // [2.128] Number-heavy contexts 82 // [2.129] Street addresses 83 // [2.130] Decimal fractions 83 // [2.131] Percentages and amounts of money 83 // [2.132] Items in numbered series 84 // [2.133] Large numbers 84 // [2.134] Plural forms 84 // [2.135] At the start of a sentence 84 // [2.136] In titles 85

[2.137] Commas in Numbers 86 // [2.138] Dates and Times 86 // [2.139] Number Ranges 87 // 3. Principles of Inclusive Language 89 // 4. Documenting Sources: An Overview 95 // [4.1] Why Plagiarism Is a Serious Matter 96 // [4.2] Avoiding Plagiarism 97 // [4.3] Careful Research 97 // [4.4] Giving Credit 88 // [4.5] Paraphrasing 88 // [4.6] When to paraphrase 88 // [4.7] How to paraphrase 89 // [4.8] How to paraphrase and give credit 99 // [4.9] Quoting 100 // [4.10] When to quote 100 // [4.11] How to quote and give credit 100 // [4.12] When Documentation Is Not Needed 101 // [4.13] Common knowledge 101 // [4.14] Passing mentions 102 // [4.15] Allusions 102 // [4.16] Epigraphs 102 // 5. The List of Works Cited 105 // [5.1] Creating and Formatting Entries: An Overview 105 // [5.2] The MLA Core Elements 107 // [5.3] Author: What It Is 107 // [5.4] Author: Where to Find It 108 // [5.5] Author: How to Style It 111 // [5.6] One author 11 1 // [5.7] Two authors 1 1 1 // [5.8] Three or more authors 112 // [5.9] Names not reversed 113 // [5.10] Languages that order surname first 113 // [5.11] Lack of surname 114 // [5.12] Variant forms of a personal name 115 // [5.13] Different spellings 115 // [5.14] Pseudonyms and name changes 115 // [5.15] When not to supply information, cross-reference, // or use the published form of a name 117 // [5.16] Online handles 118 // [5.17] Organizations, groups, and government authors 119 // [5.18] Listing by name 119 // [5.19] Avoiding redundancy 119 // [5.20] Government authors 120 // [5.21] Standardizing and supplying information 120 // [5.22] Consolidating entries 1 20 // [5.23] Title of Source: What It Is 121 // [5.24] Title of Source: Where to Find It 125 // [5.25] Title of Source: How to Style It 130 // [5.26] Shortened titles 130 // [5.27] Sections of a work labeled generically 130 // [5.28] Description in place of a title 132 //

[5.29] Quoted text in place of a title 132 // [5.30] Translations of titles 133 // [5.31] Title of Container: What It Is 1 34 // [5.32] Works that are self-contained 135 // [5.33] Works with more than one container 135 // [5.34] Determining when a website is a container 136 // [5.35] Apps and databases 138 // [5.36] Title of Container: Where to Find It 140 // [5.37] Title of Container: How to Style It 145 // [5.38] Contributor: What It Is 145 // [5.39] Key contributors 146 // [5.40] Key contributors in the Author element 147 // [5.41] Other types of contributors 148 // [5.42] Contributor: Where to Find It 149 // [5.43] Contributor: How to Style It 151 // [5.44] Labels describing the contributor’s role 151 // [5.45] Capitalization of labels 153 // [5.46] Multiple contributors in the same role 1 53 // [5.47] Repeated personal names in an entry 1 53 // [5.48] Version: What It Is 1 54 // [5.49] Version: Where to Find It 155 // [5.50] Version: How to Style It 1 57 // [5.51] Number: What It Is 1 58 // [5.52] Number: Where to Find It 1 59 // [5.53] Number: How to Style It 164 // [5.54] Publisher: What It Is 164 // [5.55] Publisher: Where to Find It 166 // [5.56] Books 166 // [5.57] Websites 167 // [5.58] Audio and visual media 168 // [5.59] Publisher: How to Style It 169 // [5.60] Capitalization 169 // [5.61] Copublishers 170 // [5.62] Divisions of nongovernment organizations as publishers 170 // [5.63] Government agencies as publishers 171 // [5.64] Terms omitted from publishers’ names 172 // [5.65] Common abbreviations in publishers’ names 172 // [5.66] Ampersands and plus signs in publishers’ names 172 // [5.67] City of publication 172 // [5.68] Publication Date: What It Is 173 // [5.69] Publication Date: Where to Find It 174 // [5.70] Books 174 // [5.71] E-books 176 // [5.72] News articles 177 // [5.73] Journal articles 178 // [5.74] Music //

[5.75] Government documents // [5.76] Television episodes // [5.77] Publication Date: How to Style It // [5.78] Year // [5.79] Season // [5.80] Time // [5.81] Date range // [5.82] Approximate date given in source // [5.83] Uncertain date given in source // [5.84] Location: What It Is // [5.85] Location: Where to Find It // [5.86] Pagenumbers // [5.87] Online works // [5.88] Location: How to Style It // [5.89] Inclusive pages // [5.90] Descriptive label before page numbers // [5.91] Numerals for page numbers // [5.92] Plus sign with page number // [5.93] DOIs // [5.94] Permalinks // [5.95] URLs // [5.96] Truncating // [5.97] Breaking // [5.98] Including terminal slash // [5.99] Physical locations and events // [5.100] The Three Most Common Types of Entries // [5.101] Works in One Container // [5.102] Works in Two Containers // [5.103] Works That Are Self-Contained // [5.104] One Work Cited Different Ways // [5.105] Supplemental Elements // [5.106] Placement after Title of Source // [5.107] Contributor 208 // [5.108] Original publication date 209 // [5.109] Section of a work labeled generically 210 // [5.110] Placement at End of Entry 210 // [5.111] Date of access 211 // [5.112] Medium of publication 211 // [5.113] Dissertations and theses 214 // [5.114] Publication history 214 // [5.115] Book series 214 // [5.116] Columns, sections, and other recurring titled features 215 // [5.117] Multivolume works 215 // [5.118] Government documents 216 // [5.119] Placement between Containers 217 // [5.120] Punctuation of Entries 217 // [5.121] More Than One Item in an Element 217 // [5.122] Supplied Publication Information 218 // [5.123] Ordering the List of Works Cited 219 // [5.124] Alphabetizing: An Overview 219 // [5.125] Alphabetizing by Author 221 // [5.126] Multiple works by one author 221 // [5.127] Multiple works by two authors 222 //

[5.128] Multiple works by more than two authors 222 // [5.129] Multiple works by a single author and coauthors 223 // [5.130] Alphabetizing by Title 224 // [5.131] Cross-References 225 // [5.132] Annotated Bibliographies 226 // 6. Citing Sources in the Text 227 // [6.1] In-Text Citations 227 // [6.2] Overview 227 // [6.3] What to Include and How to Style It 230 // [6.4] Citing a work listed by author 230 // [6.5] Coauthors 232 // [6.6] Corporate authors 233 // [6.7] Two authors with the same surname 234 // [6.8] Two or more works by the same author or authors 235 // [6.9] Citing a work listed by title 237 // [6.10] Shortening titles of works 237 // [6.11] Titles in quotation marks that start with a title in // quotation marks 238 // [6.12] Titles in quotation marks that start with a quotation 239 // [6.13] Using abbreviations for titles of works 240 // [6.14] Shortening descriptions used in place of titles 240 // [6.15] When author and title are not enough 241 // [6.16] Page numbers and other divisions of works 242 // [6.17] One-page works 242 // [6.18] Quotations spanning two or more pages of a work 242 // [6.19] Quotations from a nonconsecutively paginated work 243 // [6.20] Numbered paragraphs, sections, and lines 244 // [6.21] Commonly cited works 244 // [6.22] Verse works 245 // [6.23] Prose works 246 // [6.24] Ancient and medieval works 247 // [6.25] Scripture 247 // [6.26] Works without numbered pages or divisions 248 // [6.27] Volume numbers for multivolume nonperiodical works 249 // [6.28] Timestamps 250 // [6.29] Numbered notes in your source 250 // [6.30] Punctuation in the parenthetical citation 250 // [6.31] Quoting and Paraphrasing Sources 252 // [6.32] Integrating Quotations into Prose 253 // [6.33] Prose works 253 // [6.34] Short quotations 253 // [6.35] Long quotations (block quotations) 254 // [6.36] Poetry 255 // [6.37] Short quotations 255 //

[6.38] Long quotations (block quotations) 256 // [6.39] Dialogue 258 // [6.40] Drama 258 // [6.41] Prose 259 // [6.42] Poetry 260 // [6.43] Placement of Parenthetical Citations 260 // [6.44] Consolidating citations 261 // [6.45] References to a single source 262 // [6.46] References to multiple works citing the same idea 262 // [6.47] Omitting Citations for Repeated Quotations and Terms 263 // [6.48] Punctuation with Quotations 264 // [6.49] Introducing quotations 264 // [6.50] Quotations within quotations 265 // [6.51] Marking the end of a quotation 266 // [6.52] Periods and commas 266 // [6.53] Other punctuation marks 267 // [6.54] Capitalization with Quotations 268 // [6.55] When to capitalize 268 // [6.56] When to lowercase 270 // [6.57] When to follow the case of your source 271 // [6.58] Using an Ellipsis to Mark Material Omitted from Quotations 272 // [6.59] Omission within a sentence 272 // [6.60] Omission in a quotation of one or more sentences 273 // [6.61] Omission in a quotation of poetry 274 // [6.62] An ellipsis in the source 275 // [6.63] Other Permissible Alterations of Quotations 276 // [6.64] Emphasis 276 // [6.65] Errors in the source 276 // [6.66] Clarification 277 // [6.67] Syntax 278 // [6.68] What Not to Reproduce from Your Source 279 // [6.69] Languages Other Than Modern English 280 // [6.70] Accents 280 // [6.71] Umlauts 280 // [6.72] Ligatures 280 // [6.73] Letters in older languages 281 // [6.74] Orthography (spelling) 281 // [6.75] Translations of quotations (bilingual quotations) 281 // [6.76] Quotations from languages in non-Latin alphabets 283 // [6.77] Indirect Sources 284 // [6.78] Citations in Forms Other Than Print 285 // [6.79] Slides 285 // [6.80] Videos 285 // [6.81] Web Projects 286 // [6.82] Oral Presentations 286 // 7. Notes 287 // [7.1] Bibliographic Notes 287 // [7.2] Content Notes 288 // [7.3] Styling of Notes 290 //

[7.4] Placement of Notes in the Text 291 // Appendix 1: Abbreviations 293 // Punctuation 293 // Common Academic Abbreviations 294 // Months 295 // Titles of Works 295 // Appendix 2: Works-Cited-List Entries by // Publication Format 303 // Appendix Contents 303 // Work-Cited-List Entries 313 // Index 347