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2nd edition

Lund : Lund Eye-Tracking Research Institute, 2017

xiv, 731 stran : ilustrace ; 26 cm

ISBN 978-1-9794-8489-3 (brožováno) ISBN !978-1979484893 (chyb.)

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About the authors xiv // I TECHNICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL SKILLS // 1 Introduction 3 // 1.1 Success stories in eye tracking 4 // 1.2 Your first few eye tracking studies - step-by-step 5 // 2 Eye movements: biology, neurology and psychology 12 // 2.1 The human eyes and their movements 12 // 2.2 The pupil 16 // 2.3 The lens and accommodation 17 // 2.4 Coordinate systems for eye movements 18 // 2.5 Behind the eye muscles 21 // 2.6 Visual intake at the retina and beyond 24 // 2.7 Attention, preattention, salience, and intake 26 // 2.8 Peripheral vision and the visual field 29 // 2.9 The individual participant 31 // 2.10 Summary: the biology, neurology and psychology of eye movements 33 // 3 From Vague Idea to Experimental Design 34 // 3.1 The initial stage - explorative pilots, fishing trips, operationalizations, and highway research 34 // 3.2 What caused the effect? The need to understand what you are studying 40 // 3.3 Planning for statistical success 56 // 3.4 Summary 62 // 4 Eye-tracker Hardware 64 // 4.1 A brief history of eye-tracking technologies 64 // 4.2 Sampling of raw data 83 // 4.3 Feature detection 86 // 4.4 Calibration 88 // 4.5 Sampling frequency: what speed do you need? 90 // 4.6 Types of eye-trackers and the properties of their set-up 95 // 4.7 Manufacturers and customers 108 // 4.8 How to set up an eye-tracking laboratory 115 // 4.9 Summary 119 // 5 Data Recording 121 // 5.1 Building the experiment 121 // 5.2 Participant recruitment and ethics 127 // 5.3 Eye camera set-up 128 // 5.4 Calibration 142 // 5.5 Eye camera set-up and calibration with challenging participants 150 // 5.6 Instructions and start of recording 151 // 5.7 Debriefing 152 // 5.8 Preparations for data analysis 152 // 5.9 Summary 156 // 6 Raw Data, Their Quality, and Error Propagation 157 // 6.1 Inspection of raw data 158 // 6.2 Definitions of data quality 159 // 6.3 Robustness 165 //

6.4 Data loss 165 // 6.5 Spatial accuracy 167 // 6.6 Linearity 173 // 6.7 Spatial precision 174 // 6.8 Resolution 189 // 6.9 Eye-tracker latency 190 // 6.10 Temporal precision 192 // 6.11 Stimulus-synchronization latencies 194 // 6.12 Recovery time 196 // 6.13 Precalibrated raw data and its quality 197 // 6.14 Reporting data quality in publications 198 // II DETECTING EVENTS AND BUILDING REPRESENTATIONS // 7 Estimating Oculomotor Events from Raw Data Samples 201 // 7.1 Do-it-yourself event detection 202 // 7.2 Events in raw data 207 // 7.3 Basic algorithms and their settings 219 // 7.4 Special purpose algorithms 234 // 7.5 Event detection in the larger context 249 // 7.6 Summary: oculomotor events in eye movement data 252 // Areas of Interest 254 // 8.1 An AOI hit and dwell calculator in Excel 254 // 8.2 The basic AOI events 255 // 8.3 The AOI editor and your hypothesis 259 // 8.4 Types of AOIs 273 // 8.5 AOIs in gaze-overlaid videos 282 // 8.6 AOI-based representations of data 285 // 8.7 Summary: events and representations from AOIs 298 // 9 Gaze Density Maps - Scientific Tools or Fancy Visualizations? 302 // 9.1 Principles, terminology, and representations 302 // 9.2 How gaze density maps are built 310 // 9.3 Interpreting gaze density maps visually 317 // 9.4 Usage of gaze density maps in data analysis 322 // 9.5 Summary: gaze density map representations 326 // 10 Scanpaths - Theoretical Principles and Practical Application 327 // 10.1 What is a scanpath? 327 // 10.2 Usages of scanpath visualization 330 // 10.3 Scanpath events 334 // 10.4 Scanpath representations 340 // 10.5 Principles for scanpath comparison 347 // 10.6 Unresolved issues concerning scanpaths 353 // 10.7 Summary: scanpath events and representations 358 // 11 Complementary Data: Recording and Analysis 360 // 11.1 Types of complementary data that can be collected with eye movement data 360 //

11.2 Recording complementary data together with eye tracking data 370 // 11.3 Analysis of complementary data in relation to eye tracking data 376 // 11.4 Summary: events and representations with Complementary data 385 // III PARADIGMS AND MEASURES // 12 Paradigms 389 // 12.1 The extended fixation paradigm 390 // 12.2 Prosaccade paradigms 391 // 12.3 Perisaccadic perception paradigms 395 // 12.4 Multiple target paradigms 396 // 12.5 Memory-guided saccade paradigms 398 // 12.6 The multiple object tracking paradigm (MOT) 399 // 12.7 Electrical stimulation paradigms 400 // 12.8 The antisaccade paradigm 400 // 12.9 The oculomotor capture paradigm 403 // 12.10 Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) paradigms 403 // 12.11 Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) paradigms 405 // 12.12 Vergence paradigms 406 // 12.13 Smooth pursuit paradigms 407 // 12.14 Visual search paradigm(s) 409 // 12.15 The preferential-looking paradigm 413 // 12.16 Spatial cueing paradigms 414 // 12.17 Social interaction paradigms 416 // 12.18 Visual world paradigm 417 // 12.19 Paradigms of looking at nothing 419 // 12.20 Change blindness paradigm 421 // 12.21 Reading paradigms 422 // 12.22 Paradigms of gaze-contingent stimulus manipulation 428 // 12.23 Usability and human factors paradigms ’ 434 // 13 Movement Measures 439 // 13.1 Movement direction measures 439 // 13.2 Movement amplitude measures 447 // 13.3 Movement duration measures 458 // 13.4 Movement velocity measures 463 // 13.5 Movement acceleration measures 470 // 13.6 Movement shape measures 474 // 13.7 AOI order and transition measures 477 // 13.8 Scanpath comparison measures 486 // 14 Position Measures 499 // 14.1 Basic position measures 500 // 14.2 Position dispersion measures 501 // 14.3 Position similarity measures 514 // 14.4 Position duration measures 526 // 14.5 Pupil diameter 542 // 15 Count Measures 547 // 15.1 Saccades: number, proportion, and rate 551 //

15.2 Proportion of post-saccadic oscillations 553 // 15.3 Microsaccade rate 554 // 15.4 Square-wave jerk rate 555 // 15.5 Smooth pursuit rate 556 // 15.6 Blink rate 557 // 15.7 Fixations: number, proportion, and rate 560 // 15.8 Dwells: number, proportion, and rate 565 // 15.9 Participant, area of interest, and trial proportion 569 // 15.10 Transition number, proportion, and rate 572 // 15.11 Number and rate of regressions, backtracks, lookbacks, and look-aheads 575 // 16 Latency and Distance Measures 578 // 16.1 Latency measures 580 // 16.2 Distances 601 // 17 What are Eye-Movement Measures and How can they be Harnessed? 609 // 17.1 Eye movement measures: plentiful but poorly accessible 609 // 17.2 Measure concepts and operationalizing them 611 // 17.3 Proposed model of eye-tracking measures 613 // 17.4 Measures and paradigms 617 // 17.5 Classification of eye movement measures 619 // 17.6 How to construct even more measures 621 // 17.7 Measures and visualizations // 17.8 Summary // References Index