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BK

Sixth edition

New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, [2016]

xxi, 602 stran : ilustrace, mapy, portréty ; 23 cm

ISBN 978-0-8133-4980-0 (brožováno)

001659631

List of Illustrations xi // Preface to the Sixth Edition xiii // Acknowledgments xix // A Note About Place Names and Transliteration xxi // PART ONE - THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION TO THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1 // 1 The Rise and Expansion of Islam 5 // Pre-Islamic Arabia 6 // Muhammad and the Foundations of Islam 8 // The Arab Conquests and the First Empire 12 // The First Civil War and the End of the Rashidun Caliphate 14 // From Arab Exclusivism to Islamic Universalism: The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires 15 // Conclusion 17 // 2 The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Fifteenth Century 19 // Patterns of Islamic History 19 // The Creation and Uses of Wealth 20 // Islamic Rituals and Institutions 23 // Two Versions of Leadership: Sunni Caliph and Shi‘a Imam 30 // The Middle East from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries: An Overview 32 // Conclusion 34 // 3 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis 35 // The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 36 // Ottoman Ruling Institutions and Attitudes 39 // The Loss of Ottoman Superiority 46 // The Triumph of ShiTsm: The Safavid Empire of Iran, 1501-1736 48 // Conclusion: The Sunni-Shi‘a Struggle for Iraq 51 // PART TWO - THE BEGINNINGS OF THE ERA OF TRANSFORMATION 53 // 4 Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789-1849 58 // Selim III (1789-1806): Between Old and New 58 // A Revived Center of Power: The Egypt of Muhammad Ali, 1805-1848 61 // Nationalism and Great Power Intervention: The Greek Revolt, 1821-1829 70 // Sultan Mahmud (1808-1839): Centralization and Transformation 73 // Conclusion 75 // 5 The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat 76 // The Tanzimat: Continued Ottoman Reform Under the Bureaucrats 76 // The Arab Provinces of Greater Syria During the Tanzimat 84 // Egypt During the Era of Civilian Reform 87 // Conclusion: The Dualism of the Nineteenth-Century Reforms 94 //

6 Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century 96 // England on the Nile: The British Occupation of Egypt, 1882—1914 96 // Iran During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 102 // Conclusion 108 // 7 The Response of Islamic Society 111 // Religious Assertiveness and Authoritarian Reform: The Era of Abdul Hamid II 111 // Islamic Puritanism on the Tribal Frontiers: The Wahhabi, Sanusi, and Mahdiyyah Movements 114 // The Reform of High Islam 117 // Emerging Currents of Arab Cultural Distinctiveness 119 // Conclusion 122 // 8 The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists 124 // The Revolt of 1908 and the Young Turks in Power 125 // The Period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution 134 // Conclusion 137 // 9 World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order 139 // The Middle East in World War I: An Overview of Military and Diplomatic Initiatives 140 // The Peace Settlement 152 // Conclusion: The End of the Ottoman Order in the Middle East 159 // PART THREE - THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: THE INTERWAR ERA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II 161 // 10 Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran 166 // The Atatiirk Era in Turkey 166 // Iran under Reza Shah 176 // Turkey and Iran During World War II: Sovereignty and Occupation 181 // Conclusion 182 // 11 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan from the Internar Era to 1945 184 // The Struggle for Power in Egypt iiTfhe Interwar Period 184 // An Overview of World War II 191 // Egypt During World War II: Pivot of the British Defense System 192 // Iraq Between the Wars 195 // Iraq During World War II 201 // Transjordan: The Desert Mandate 203 // Conclusion 205 // 12 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia from the Interwar Era to 1945 206 // The French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon 207 // Lebanon Under the Mandate: The Establishment of Confessional Politics 213 //

Syria and Lebanon During World War II: The Troubled Path to Independence 216 // New Kingdom in Arabia: The Rise of the Saudi State 219 // The Search for Identity: Regionalism, Arabism, Islam 222 // Conclusion 225 // 13 The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel 226 // The Emergence of Political Zionism 227 The Balfour Declaration 230 // The Mandate for Palestine: British Administration 231 // The Palestinian Arab Community: Leadership and Institutions 234 // The Jewish Community: Leadership and Institutions 236 // Immigration and Land 240 // Communal Conflict and the British Response 242 // World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel 246 // The First Arab-Israeli War 252 // Conclusion 255 // PART FOUR - THE INDEPENDENT MIDDLE EAST FROM THE END OF WORLD WAR II TO THE 1970s 257 // 14 Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran 261 // The Role of the United States in the Postwar Years 261 // Turkey: The Transition to a Multiparty System 263 // Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question 271 Iran: The Reestablishment of Royal Autocracy 273 // Conclusion 284 // 1 5 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base 286 // The Paralysis of the Old Regime, 1943-1952 286 // The Free Officers and the Coup d’État of 1952 288 // Foreign Relations After 1952 293 // The Adoption of Arab Socialism 300 Conclusion 305 // 16 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Radicalization of Arab Politics 307 // Syria: The Military in Politics 307 // Iraq: The End of the Monarchy 310 // The Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan: The Survival of Monarchy 313 // Lebanon: The Precarious Sectarian Balance 316 Israel, the Arab States, and the June War 320 Conclusion: The Nasser Era in Perspective 325 // 17 Israel and the Palestinians from 1948 to the 1970s 328 // The Israeli Political System and Political Culture 329 //

The Elections of 1977: Israel in Transition 337 // The Palestinian Factor after 1948 338 // Conclusion 348 // PART FIVE - THE RESURGENCE OF ISLAM: THE MIDDLE EAST FROM THE 1970s TO THE 1991 GULF WAR 351 // 18 The Iranian Revolution and the Revival of Islam 355 // The Stages of Revolution in Iran 356 // The Revival of Islam 371 // Conclusion 375 // 19 Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s 378 // Egypt Under Sadat: Domestic and Diplomatic Realignments 379 // The Lebanese Civil War, 1973-1990 389 // Egypt in the 1980s 398 // Conclusion 400 // 20 The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era 402 // The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 403 // Kuwait, Oman, and the Smaller Gulf States 413 // Conclusion 421 // 21 The Consolidation of Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: The Regimes of Hafiz al-Asad and Saddam Husayn 423 // Syria in the Al-Asad Era 424 // Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Bath 433 // The Iran-Iraq War, 1980-1988 440 // Conclusion 445 // PART SIX - CHALLENGES TO THE EXISTING ORDER: THE MIDDLE EAST IN THE 1990s AND 2000s 447 // 22 The Palestinian Intifada and the 1991 Gulf War 451 // Intifada hom 1987 to 1991 451 // The Gulf Crisis of 1990-1991 456 // The Aftermath of the Gulf War 464 // Conclusion 472 // 23 A Peace So Near, a Peace So Far: Palestinian-Israeli Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War 474 // The Road to the Oslo Peace Accords 475 The Unraveling of the Oslo Peace Process 485 // The Road from Taba 491 // Conclusion 497 // 24 Patterns of Continuity and Change in Turkey, Iran, and Lebanon 499 // Turkey and Iran: Nations at a Crossroads 499 // Hizbullah and the Struggle for Lebanon 512 // Conclusion 516 // 25 America’s Troubled Moment in the Middle East 519 // The Policy of Dual Containment 521 // Al-Qaida and the Attach of September 11, 2001 523 // The Occupation of Iraq 524 // Iran’s Nuclear Program 532 // Conslusion 535 //

26 The 2011 Arab Uprisings and Their Aftermath 537 // Understanding the Uprisings Dynamics 538 // Egypt 541 // Syria 548 // Yemen and Libya 551 // Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Monarchies 552 // Conclusion: Connecting Threads 554 // List of Major Rulers 557 // Glossary 559 // Select Bibliography 563 // Index 589