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EB

ONLINE

Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2016

1 online resource (330 pages)

ISBN 9783319272887 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783319272863

Print version: Walters, Michele The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2016 ISBN 9783319272863

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Working in Networks to Make Biodiversity Data More Available -- Abstract -- 1.1 Observing Biodiversity -- 1.2 Working Together Makes Sense -- 1.3 Networks as an Organisational Structure -- 1.4 Managing Networks -- 1.5 Guiding the Enterprise -- 1.6 Working Backwards to Move Forwards -- 1.7 The Purpose, Structure and Content of This Volume -- References -- 2 Global Terrestrial Ecosystem Observations: Why, Where, What and How? -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Variables -- 2.3 Where to Measure Ecosystem Variables -- 2.4 How to Measure Ecosystem Variables -- 2.4.1 Sensor Networks -- 2.4.2 In Situ Mapping -- 2.4.3 Remote Sensing -- 2.4.3.1 Ecosystem Extent and Distribution -- 2.4.3.2 Phenology -- 2.4.3.3 Connectivity and Fragmentation -- 2.5 Relating RS and in Situ Observations: LCCS and GHC -- References -- 3 Ecosystem Services -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 3.3 Key Ecosystem Service Concepts -- 3.4 Monitoring Ecosystem Services -- 3.5 National Statistics -- 3.6 Remote Sensing -- 3.7 Field-Based Estimations -- 3.8 Community Monitoring of Ecosystem Services -- 3.9 Models -- 3.10 Current Tools to Monitor Ecosystem Services -- 3.11 Provisioning Services -- 3.12 Regulating Services -- 3.13 Cultural Services -- 3.14 Observing Multiple Ecosystem Services -- 3.15 Using Scenarios in Modelling to Predict Future Ecosystem Services -- 3.16 Linking Ecosystem Service Observations to Decision-Making -- 3.17 Creating a Network for Observing and Managing Ecosystem Services -- 3.18 Monitoring to Support Policy Design -- 3.19 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Monitoring Essential Biodiversity Variables at the Species Level -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Defining the Scope of the Monitoring Program.

10.3.2.1 Discrete Community-Level Approaches -- 10.3.2.2 Continuous Community-Level Approaches -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Global Infrastructures for Biodiversity Data and Services -- Abstract -- 11.1 An Emerging Culture of Data Sharing, Publication and Citation -- 11.1.1 Research Infrastructures -- 11.1.2 Persistent Identifiers and Linked Open Data -- 11.1.3 Free and Open Data: Licensing and Policy -- 11.1.4 Data Citation and Publication -- 11.1.5 Big Data, Citizen Science, Crowdsourcing, and Proliferating Sensors -- 11.2 The Network of the Future -- 11.2.1 A Vision for Future Data and Services -- 11.2.2 The Role of Standards and Specifications -- 11.2.3 A Scalable, Interoperable Architecture -- 11.2.3.1 General Requirements for a Biodiversity Information Architecture -- 11.2.3.2 Option 1: SOA and ESB -- 11.2.3.3 Option 2: Synchronous, RESTful Services -- 11.3 Considerations in Respect of Best Practice -- 11.3.1 Sources of Data and Its Classification -- 11.3.1.1 Essential Biodiversity Variables -- 11.3.1.2 Protocols for Observation -- 11.3.1.3 Generic Data Families -- 11.3.2 Published Advice and Guidance -- 11.3.2.1 Research Data Alliance (RDA) -- 11.3.2.2 Global Biodiversity Informatics Conference (GBIC) -- 11.3.2.3 GEO Data Management Principles -- 11.3.2.4 EU BON -- 11.3.2.5 CReATIVE-B and GLOBIS-B -- 11.3.2.6 EarthCube and DataONE -- 11.4 Specific Implementation Guidelines -- 11.4.1 Recommended Data Management Approaches -- 11.4.2 Section A: General Considerations -- 11.4.3 Section B: Semantic Interoperability -- 11.4.4 Section C: Specialised Global Infrastructure -- 11.4.5 Section D: Aggregators and Open Federated Infrastructures -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.5.1 What Is Already Achievable? -- 11.5.2 What Needs to Be Improved? -- References -- Web Links and References Used in the Guidance Tables 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 and 11.6.

4.2.1 Surveillance and Targeted Monitoring -- 4.2.2 Choosing Which Variables, Taxa and Metrics to Monitor -- 4.2.3 Choosing a Spatial Sampling Scheme -- 4.3 Taxon-Specific and Driver-Specific Examples -- 4.3.1 Mammals -- 4.3.2 Amphibians -- 4.3.3 Butterflies -- 4.3.4 Plants -- 4.3.5 Monitoring Diseases -- 4.4 From Species Monitoring to Ecosystem Services -- 4.5 Scaling from Local Observations to the Global Monitoring of Biodiversity Change -- References -- 5 Monitoring Changes in Genetic Diversity -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Brief Overview of Developments in the Monitoring of Genetic Diversity -- 5.3 Spatio-Temporal Considerations in Genetic Monitoring -- 5.4 What to Monitor? -- 5.4.1 Domesticated Species -- 5.4.2 Socioeconomically (and Ecologically) Important Species -- 5.4.3 Monitoring Genetic Diversity in Culturally Valued Species -- 5.5 Proxies for Reporting Changes in Genetic Diversity -- References -- 6 Methods for the Study of Marine Biodiversity -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sampling Methods -- 6.2.1 Bottom Trawl Surveys -- 6.2.2 Light Traps -- 6.2.3 Artificial Substrata -- 6.2.4 Microfossils -- 6.2.5 Molecular Observations of Microbial Communities -- 6.3 Case Studies -- 6.3.1 The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) -- 6.3.2 Tropical Coral Reefs -- 6.3.3 The Reef Life Survey (RLS) -- 6.3.4 Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) -- 6.4 Data Management -- 6.4.1 World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) -- 6.4.2 Marine Regions -- 6.4.3 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) -- 6.4.4 Time-Series Data Availability -- 6.4.5 Global Marine Environment Datasets (GMED) -- 6.5 Data Analysis -- 6.6 Discussion -- References -- 7 Observations of Inland Water Biodiversity: Progress, Needs and Priorities -- Abstract -- 7.1 Freshwater Biodiversity Observation -- 7.1.1 What Is Freshwater Biodiversity?.

8.4.1.2 Observing Dynamic Systems: Considering Observation Extent and Frequency -- 8.4.2 Approaches for Observing Biodiversity Drivers -- 8.4.2.1 Ecosystems -- Habitat Function and Structure -- Biophysical/Hydrological Characteristics -- Vegetation Community Detection -- 8.4.2.2 Species and Ecosystem Services -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Involving Citizen Scientists in Biodiversity Observation -- Abstract -- 9.1 Citizen Science -- 9.2 Citizen Science and Biodiversity Observation Networks (BONs) -- 9.2.1 Monitoring Biodiversity Over Large Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 9.2.2 Mapping Species Location and Abundance -- 9.2.3 Timing of Nature’s Events -- 9.2.4 Early Detection and Mapping of Pests and Invasive Species -- 9.2.5 Desk Assessment and Field Validation of Imagery -- 9.2.6 Linking Citizen Science and Large Scale Biodiversity Monitoring Databases -- 9.3 Enhancing Data Reliability and Reuse -- 9.3.1 Data Quality and Control -- 9.3.2 Data Sharing and Standards -- 9.4 Recruiting, Motivating and Retaining Participants -- 9.5 New Tools and Technologies -- 9.5.1 Websites and Portals -- 9.5.2 Mobile Devices -- 9.5.3 Sensors -- 9.5.4 Camera Traps -- 9.5.5 Social Media and Social Networking -- 9.5.6 Gaming -- 9.5.7 Cyber-Infrastructure and Networked Databases -- 9.6 Challenges and Opportunities for the Future -- References -- 10 Biodiversity Modelling as Part of an Observation System -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Broad Roles of Modelling in Biodiversity Assessment -- 10.2.1 Modelling Across Space Alone -- 10.2.2 Modelling Across Space and Time, Present to Future -- 10.2.3 Modelling Across Space and Time, Past to Present -- 10.3 A Key Modelling Challenge: Mapping Change in the Distribution and Retention of Terrestrial Biodiversity -- 10.3.1 Species-Level Approaches -- 10.3.2 Community-Level Approaches.

10.3.2.1 Discrete Community-Level Approaches -- 10.3.2.2 Continuous Community-Level Approaches -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Global Infrastructures for Biodiversity Data and Services -- Abstract -- 11.1 An Emerging Culture of Data Sharing, Publication and Citation -- 11.1.1 Research Infrastructures -- 11.1.2 Persistent Identifiers and Linked Open Data -- 11.1.3 Free and Open Data: Licensing and Policy -- 11.1.4 Data Citation and Publication -- 11.1.5 Big Data, Citizen Science, Crowdsourcing, and Proliferating Sensors -- 11.2 The Network of the Future -- 11.2.1 A Vision for Future Data and Services -- 11.2.2 The Role of Standards and Specifications -- 11.2.3 A Scalable, Interoperable Architecture -- 11.2.3.1 General Requirements for a Biodiversity Information Architecture -- 11.2.3.2 Option 1: SOA and ESB -- 11.2.3.3 Option 2: Synchronous, RESTful Services -- 11.3 Considerations in Respect of Best Practice -- 11.3.1 Sources of Data and Its Classification -- 11.3.1.1 Essential Biodiversity Variables -- 11.3.1.2 Protocols for Observation -- 11.3.1.3 Generic Data Families -- 11.3.2 Published Advice and Guidance -- 11.3.2.1 Research Data Alliance (RDA) -- 11.3.2.2 Global Biodiversity Informatics Conference (GBIC) -- 11.3.2.3 GEO Data Management Principles -- 11.3.2.4 EU BON -- 11.3.2.5 CReATIVE-B and GLOBIS-B -- 11.3.2.6 EarthCube and DataONE -- 11.4 Specific Implementation Guidelines -- 11.4.1 Recommended Data Management Approaches -- 11.4.2 Section A: General Considerations -- 11.4.3 Section B: Semantic Interoperability -- 11.4.4 Section C: Specialised Global Infrastructure -- 11.4.5 Section D: Aggregators and Open Federated Infrastructures -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.5.1 What Is Already Achievable? -- 11.5.2 What Needs to Be Improved? -- References -- Web Links and References Used in the Guidance Tables 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 and 11.6.

12 Using Data for Decision-Making: From Observations to Indicators and Other Policy Tools.

7.1.2 The Need for Special Attention to Freshwater Biodiversity Observations -- 7.1.3 Freshwater Biodiversity Observations and Global Targets -- 7.1.4 Access and Management of Freshwater Biodiversity Data -- 7.1.5 Improving Our Ability to Track Changes Through Freshwater Biodiversity Observations -- 7.2 Observations on Components of Freshwater Biodiversity -- 7.2.1 The Spatial Context for Freshwater Biodiversity Observations -- 7.2.2 Genetic Composition of Freshwater Biodiversity -- 7.2.3 Observations of Freshwater Species -- 7.2.4 Observations of Freshwater Species Traits -- 7.2.5 Observations of the Composition of Freshwater Communities -- 7.2.6 Observations of the Structure of Freshwater Ecosystems -- 7.2.7 Observations of Freshwater Ecosystem Functioning -- 7.3 Use of Freshwater Biodiversity Data in Decision-Making -- 7.4 Future Directions for Freshwater Biodiversity Observations -- 7.4.1 A Global Wetlands Observing System (GWOS) -- 7.4.2 Citizen Science in Freshwater Biodiversity Observations -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Remote Sensing for Biodiversity -- Abstract -- 8.1 Remote Sensing -- 8.1.1 How Remote Sensing Works -- 8.1.2 Combining Remote Sensing with in situ Observations -- 8.1.3 Detecting Change -- 8.2 Terrestrial -- 8.2.1 Ecosystems -- 8.2.1.1 Ecosystem Structure and Composition -- 8.2.1.2 Ecosystem Function -- 8.2.1.3 Ecosystem Change -- 8.2.1.4 Ecosystem Services -- 8.2.2 Species -- 8.2.2.1 Mapping Where Species Live -- 8.2.2.2 Plant Functional Types -- 8.2.2.3 Generating Biodiversity Indices -- 8.2.3 Genes -- 8.3 Marine -- 8.3.1 Habitat Extent -- 8.3.2 Habitat Condition -- 8.3.3 Detecting Change and Issues of Scale -- 8.4 Freshwater -- 8.4.1 Considerations for Remote Sensing of Freshwater Biodiversity -- 8.4.1.1 Observing Small Systems from Space: Considering Spatial Scale.

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