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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2019

1 online resource (237 pages)

ISBN 9783030111496 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030111489

IDKD Springer Ser.

Print version: Hodler, Juerg Diseases of the Chest, Breast, Heart and Vessels 2019-2022 Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2019 ISBN 9783030111489

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: A Systematic Approach to Chest Radiographic Analysis -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Systematic Assessment -- 1.3 Technical Quality (Table 1.2) -- 1.4 Support/Monitoring Devices (Tubes/Lines/Catheters/Pacemakers) (Table 1.3) [2] -- 1.5 Chest Wall -- 1.6 Mediastinum -- 1.6.1 Heart -- 1.6.2 Systemic Arteries -- 1.6.3 Systemic Veins -- 1.6.4 Pulmonary Arteries -- 1.6.5 Lines, Stripes, and Interfaces [5] -- 1.6.6 Mediastinal Masses (Table 1.5) [6] -- 1.6.7 Mediastinal Calcification -- 1.6.8 Pneumomediastinum -- 1.7 Hila -- 1.8 Lungs -- 1.8.1 Lung Volumes -- 1.8.2 Parenchymal Opacities -- 1.9 Airways -- 1.10 Pleura/Diaphragm -- 1.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2: Missed Lung Lesions: Side-by-Side Comparison of Chest Radiography with MDCT -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Reasons for Missed Lung Lesions -- 2.3 Specific Problems -- 2.4 Missed Nodules -- 2.4.1 Nodular Lesions: Tumours -- 2.4.2 Nodular Lesions: Infections -- 2.5 Missed Consolidation -- 2.5.1 Airspace Disease -- 2.6 Missed Interstitial Lung Disease -- 2.6.1 Diffuse (Interstitial or Mixed Alveolar-Interstitial) Lung Disease -- 2.7 Key Signs for Reducing the Risk of Errors in CXRs -- 2.7.1 Deep Sulcus Sign -- 2.7.2 Spine Sign -- 2.7.3 Silhouette Sign -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Approach to Imaging of Mediastinal Conditions in the Adult -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Anterior Mediastinum/Prevascular Compartment -- 3.3 Middle Mediastinum/Visceral Compartment -- 3.4 Posterior Mediastinum/Paravertebral Compartment -- 3.5 Conditions that Disregard the Compartment Model -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Suggested Readings -- 4: Plain Film and HRCT Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease -- 4.1 The HRCT Technique -- 4.2 HRCT in Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease -- 4.3 An Approach to HRCT Diagnoses.

11.3 Connective Tissue Disease.

6.4 Tracheobronchial Fistula, Dehiscence, and Diverticula (Table 6.5) [2, 11] -- 6.5 Bronchiectasis [12, 13] -- 6.6 Small Airway Diseases [2, 16] -- 6.6.1 Small Centrilobular Nodular and Branching Linear Opacities (Tree-in-Bud) -- 6.6.2 Poorly Defined Centrilobular Nodules -- 6.6.3 Decreased Lung Attenuation and Mosaic Perfusion -- 6.6.4 Expiratory Air Trapping -- 6.7 Constrictive (Obliterative) Bronchiolitis [2, 16] -- 6.8 Asthma [17] -- 6.9 Airway Disease in COPD [19] -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Imaging of Pulmonary Infection -- 7.1 Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) -- 7.1.1 Radiographic Patterns of CAP -- 7.2 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) -- 7.3 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) -- 7.4 Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) -- 7.5 Clinical Utility and Limitations of Chest Radiography and CT -- 7.5.1 Chest Radiography -- 7.5.2 Computed Tomography -- 7.6 Patterns of Pulmonary Infection -- 7.7 Aerobic Bacteria -- 7.7.1 Gram-Positive Cocci -- 7.7.1.1 Streptococcus Pneumoniae -- 7.7.1.2 Staphylococcus aureus -- 7.7.2 Gram-Positive Bacilli -- 7.7.2.1 Actinomycosis -- 7.7.2.2 Nocardia Species -- 7.7.3 Gram-Negative Bacilli -- 7.7.3.1 Klebsiella -- 7.7.3.2 Escherichia coli -- 7.7.3.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 7.7.3.4 Chlamydia -- 7.7.3.5 Rickettsial Pneumonia -- 7.7.3.6 Francisella tularensis -- 7.7.4 Gram-Negative Coccobacilli -- 7.7.4.1 Haemophilus influenza -- 7.7.4.2 Legionella Species -- 7.7.5 Gram-Negative Cocci -- 7.7.5.1 Moraxella catarrhalis -- 7.8 Miscellaneous Infections -- 7.8.1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae -- 7.9 Mycobacteria -- 7.9.1 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis -- 7.9.1.1 Primary tuberculosis -- 7.9.1.2 Postprimary tuberculosis -- 7.9.1.3 Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTMB) -- 7.10 Fungal Infections -- 7.10.1 Aspergillus Infection -- 7.10.2 Candidiasis.

9.6 Calcification -- 9.6.1 Pectus Excavatum -- 9.6.2 Injuries to the Thoracic Skeleton/Rib Fractures/Trauma -- 9.7 Thalassaemia -- 9.8 Pleural Disease -- 9.9 Pleural Effusion -- 9.10 Empyema -- 9.11 Pneumothorax -- 9.12 Hemothorax -- 9.13 Pleural Plaques or Thickening -- 9.14 Pleural Implants and Masses -- 9.15 Diaphragmatic Disease -- 9.16 Bochdalek Hernia -- 9.17 Morgagni Hernia -- 9.18 Diaphragmatic Eventration -- 9.19 Esophageal hiatus hernia -- 9.20 Blunt Traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture -- 9.21 Penetrating Diaphragmatic Injury -- 9.22 Diaphragmatic Paresis or Paralysis -- 9.23 Tumors of the Diaphragm -- 9.24 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Pediatric Chest Disorders: Practical Imaging Approach to Diagnosis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Imaging Modalities -- 10.2.1 Chest Radiography -- 10.2.2 Computed Tomography -- 10.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 10.3 Spectrum of Pediatric Thoracic Disorders -- 10.3.1 Pediatric Lung Disorders -- 10.3.1.1 Neonatal Lung Disorders -- Surfactant Deficiency Syndrome due to Prematurity -- Congenital Surfactant Deficiency -- Transient Tachypnea of Newborn -- Meconium Aspiration -- Neonatal Pneumonia -- 10.3.1.2 Pulmonary Infection in Children -- Round Pneumonia -- 10.3.2 Pediatric Large Airway Disorders -- 10.3.2.1 Large Airway Neoplasms -- Subglottic Hemangioma -- Carcinoid Tumor -- 10.3.2.2 Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Large Airway -- Tracheomalacia -- Foreign Body Aspiration -- 10.3.3 Pediatric Mediastinal Disorders -- 10.3.3.1 Vascular Lesions -- Double Aortic Arch -- Right Aortic Arch -- Pulmonary Artery Sling -- 10.3.3.2 Nonvascular Lesions -- Foregut Duplication Cyst -- Neuroblastoma -- Lymphatic Malformation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Diseases -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sarcoidosis.

4.3.1 Is There a "Real" Abnormality? -- 4.3.2 If There Is An Abnormality, What Is/Are the Predominant HRCT Pattern(s)? -- 4.3.3 What Is the Distribution of Disease? -- 4.3.4 Are There Any Ancillary Findings? -- 4.3.5 What Is the Likely Pathology? -- 4.3.6 What Is the Clinical Background? -- 4.4 HRCT Appearances in Select DILDs -- 4.4.1 Usual Interstitial Pneumonia/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis -- 4.4.2 (Cryptogenic) Organizing Pneumonia -- 4.4.3 Non-specific Interstitial Pneumonia -- 4.4.4 Smoking-Related Lung Diseases -- 4.4.5 Sarcoidosis -- 4.4.6 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5: CT Diagnosis and Management of Focal Lung Disease -- 5.1 Benign Solid Nodule Features -- 5.2 Malignant Solid Nodule Features -- 5.3 Subsolid Nodules -- 5.4 Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules -- 5.5 Role of Computer-Assisted Diagnosis for Solid Nodules -- 5.6 Focal Parenchymal Airspace Disease -- 5.7 Dual-Energy CT (DECT) -- References -- 6: Current Approach to Acute and Chronic Airway Disease -- 6.1 CT Acquisition and Post-processing Techniques [1, 2] -- 6.2 Tracheobronchial Tumours (Tables 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4) [3-6] -- 6.2.1 Primary Malignant Neoplasms -- 6.2.2 Secondary Tracheobronchial Malignancy -- 6.2.3 Benign Tracheobronchial Neoplasms -- 6.3 Nonneoplastic Tracheobronchial Disorders (Tables 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4) [4, 5, 7] -- 6.3.1 Posttraumatic Stenosis -- 6.3.2 Infections -- 6.3.3 Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis) -- 6.3.4 Relapsing Polychondritis -- 6.3.5 Amyloidosis -- 6.3.6 Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica (TO) -- 6.3.7 Sabre-Sheath Trachea -- 6.3.8 Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome) -- 6.3.9 Tracheobronchomalacia and Excessive Dynamic Airway Collapse [8, 9, 10] -- 6.3.10 Broncholithiasis.

6.4 Tracheobronchial Fistula, Dehiscence, and Diverticula (Table 6.5) [2, 11] -- 6.5 Bronchiectasis [12, 13] -- 6.6 Small Airway Diseases [2, 16] -- 6.6.1 Small Centrilobular Nodular and Branching Linear Opacities (Tree-in-Bud) -- 6.6.2 Poorly Defined Centrilobular Nodules -- 6.6.3 Decreased Lung Attenuation and Mosaic Perfusion -- 6.6.4 Expiratory Air Trapping -- 6.7 Constrictive (Obliterative) Bronchiolitis [2, 16] -- 6.8 Asthma [17] -- 6.9 Airway Disease in COPD [19] -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Imaging of Pulmonary Infection -- 7.1 Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) -- 7.1.1 Radiographic Patterns of CAP -- 7.2 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) -- 7.3 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) -- 7.4 Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) -- 7.5 Clinical Utility and Limitations of Chest Radiography and CT -- 7.5.1 Chest Radiography -- 7.5.2 Computed Tomography -- 7.6 Patterns of Pulmonary Infection -- 7.7 Aerobic Bacteria -- 7.7.1 Gram-Positive Cocci -- 7.7.1.1 Streptococcus Pneumoniae -- 7.7.1.2 Staphylococcus aureus -- 7.7.2 Gram-Positive Bacilli -- 7.7.2.1 Actinomycosis -- 7.7.2.2 Nocardia Species -- 7.7.3 Gram-Negative Bacilli -- 7.7.3.1 Klebsiella -- 7.7.3.2 Escherichia coli -- 7.7.3.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 7.7.3.4 Chlamydia -- 7.7.3.5 Rickettsial Pneumonia -- 7.7.3.6 Francisella tularensis -- 7.7.4 Gram-Negative Coccobacilli -- 7.7.4.1 Haemophilus influenza -- 7.7.4.2 Legionella Species -- 7.7.5 Gram-Negative Cocci -- 7.7.5.1 Moraxella catarrhalis -- 7.8 Miscellaneous Infections -- 7.8.1 Mycoplasma pneumoniae -- 7.9 Mycobacteria -- 7.9.1 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis -- 7.9.1.1 Primary tuberculosis -- 7.9.1.2 Postprimary tuberculosis -- 7.9.1.3 Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTMB) -- 7.10 Fungal Infections -- 7.10.1 Aspergillus Infection -- 7.10.2 Candidiasis.

7.10.3 Pneumocystis jiroveci -- 7.10.4 Mucormycosis -- 7.11 Viral Pneumonias -- 7.11.1 Influenza a -- 7.11.2 Adenovirus -- 7.11.3 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) -- 7.11.4 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) -- 7.11.5 Varicella Virus -- 7.11.6 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) -- 7.12 New Emerging Viruses -- 7.12.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS) -- 7.12.2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) -- 7.12.3 Swine Influenza (H1N1) -- References -- 8: Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Diagnosis of Lung Cancer -- 8.2.1 Clinical Symptoms -- 8.2.2 Imaging Evaluation of Pulmonary Nodules -- 8.2.2.1 Morphology and Density -- 8.2.2.2 Growth -- 8.2.2.3 Metabolic Activity -- 8.3 Patient Evaluation and the Role of Imaging -- 8.3.1 Computed Tomography -- 8.3.2 FDG PET/CT -- 8.3.3 MR Imaging -- 8.4 Lung Cancer Staging -- 8.4.1 Rationale and Methodology for TNM-8 -- 8.4.2 Modifications to TNM-8 -- 8.4.2.1 T Classification -- 8.4.2.2 Tumor Size -- 8.4.2.3 Involvement of Main Bronchi -- 8.4.2.4 Atelectasis or Pneumonitis of the Lung -- 8.4.2.5 Diaphragmatic Invasion -- 8.4.2.6 Involvement of the Mediastinal Pleura -- 8.4.2.7 Lymph Node (N) Classification -- 8.4.2.8 Metastasis (M) Classification -- 8.4.3 Stage Groups -- 8.4.4 Lung Cancers with Multiple Sites of Pulmonary Involvement -- 8.4.4.1 Multiple Primary Lung Cancers -- 8.4.4.2 Lung Cancer with One or More Tumor Nodules -- 8.4.4.3 Multiple Ground-glass Lesions -- 8.4.4.4 Consolidation -- 8.4.5 Tumor Measurement -- 8.4.6 Small Cell Lung Cancer -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9: Diseases of the Chest Wall, Pleura, and Diaphragm -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chest Wall Disease -- 9.3 Hyperlucent or Hyperopaque Hemithorax -- 9.4 Soft Tissue Masses -- 9.5 Inflammatory Disease of the Chest Wall.

9.6 Calcification -- 9.6.1 Pectus Excavatum -- 9.6.2 Injuries to the Thoracic Skeleton/Rib Fractures/Trauma -- 9.7 Thalassaemia -- 9.8 Pleural Disease -- 9.9 Pleural Effusion -- 9.10 Empyema -- 9.11 Pneumothorax -- 9.12 Hemothorax -- 9.13 Pleural Plaques or Thickening -- 9.14 Pleural Implants and Masses -- 9.15 Diaphragmatic Disease -- 9.16 Bochdalek Hernia -- 9.17 Morgagni Hernia -- 9.18 Diaphragmatic Eventration -- 9.19 Esophageal hiatus hernia -- 9.20 Blunt Traumatic Diaphragmatic Rupture -- 9.21 Penetrating Diaphragmatic Injury -- 9.22 Diaphragmatic Paresis or Paralysis -- 9.23 Tumors of the Diaphragm -- 9.24 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Pediatric Chest Disorders: Practical Imaging Approach to Diagnosis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Imaging Modalities -- 10.2.1 Chest Radiography -- 10.2.2 Computed Tomography -- 10.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 10.3 Spectrum of Pediatric Thoracic Disorders -- 10.3.1 Pediatric Lung Disorders -- 10.3.1.1 Neonatal Lung Disorders -- Surfactant Deficiency Syndrome due to Prematurity -- Congenital Surfactant Deficiency -- Transient Tachypnea of Newborn -- Meconium Aspiration -- Neonatal Pneumonia -- 10.3.1.2 Pulmonary Infection in Children -- Round Pneumonia -- 10.3.2 Pediatric Large Airway Disorders -- 10.3.2.1 Large Airway Neoplasms -- Subglottic Hemangioma -- Carcinoid Tumor -- 10.3.2.2 Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Large Airway -- Tracheomalacia -- Foreign Body Aspiration -- 10.3.3 Pediatric Mediastinal Disorders -- 10.3.3.1 Vascular Lesions -- Double Aortic Arch -- Right Aortic Arch -- Pulmonary Artery Sling -- 10.3.3.2 Nonvascular Lesions -- Foregut Duplication Cyst -- Neuroblastoma -- Lymphatic Malformation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Diseases -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Sarcoidosis.

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(Au-PeEL)EBL6422510

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(OCoLC)1231603858