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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2018

1 online resource (262 pages)

ISBN 9783319750194 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783319750187

IDKD Springer Ser.

Print version: Hodler, Juerg Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis 2018-2021 Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2018 ISBN 9783319750187

Intro -- Contents -- 1: Renal Tumors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Modalities for Imaging Renal Masses -- 1.2.1 Ultrasound -- 1.2.2 CT and MRI -- 1.3 Very Small Renal Masses (< -- 1-1.5 cm) -- 1.4 Cystic Renal Masses -- 1.5 Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) -- 1.6 Other Solid Renal Masses -- 1.6.1 Oncocytomas -- 1.6.2 Renal Cancers -- 1.6.2.1 Clear Cell Renal Cancer -- 1.6.2.2 Papillary Renal Cancer -- 1.6.2.3 Chromophobe Renal Cancer -- 1.6.2.4 Uncommon Renal Cancer Cell Types -- 1.6.3 Urothelial Neoplasms, Lymphoma, and Renal Artery Aneurysms -- 1.7 Solid Renal Mass Growth Rates -- 1.8 Radiomics -- 1.9 Use of Imaging for Solid Renal Mass Differentiation -- 1.10 Percutaneous Biopsy of Renal Masses -- 1.11 Pretreatment Assessment of Renal Cancer -- 1.11.1 Staging -- 1.11.2 RENAL Nephrometry -- 1.12 Renal Cancer Management -- 1.13 Imaging After Renal Cancer Treatment -- 1.13.1 After Renal Mass Ablation or Resection -- 1.13.2 Imaging After Partial or Total Nephrectomy -- 1.13.3 Imaging After Treatment of Metastatic Disease -- 1.13.3.1 RECIST -- 1.13.3.2 Multikinase Inhibitors -- 1.13.3.3 Immunotherapy -- 1.13.3.4 Complications of Multikinase Inhibitor Treatment and Immunotherapy -- 1.14 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2: MRI of the Pelvic Floor and MR Defecography -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Floor -- 2.2.1 Pathogenesis -- 2.2.2 Levator Ani Muscle (LAM) -- 2.2.3 Endopelvic Fascia -- 2.2.3.1 Pubocervical Fascia -- 2.2.3.2 Rectovaginal Fascia -- 2.2.4 Etiology of Pelvic Floor Failure -- 2.2.5 Indication for Dynamic Pelvic Floor Imaging -- 2.3 Diagnosis of PFD Using Dynamic MRI -- 2.3.1 General Preparation -- 2.3.2 DPF-MRI Procedure -- 2.3.2.1 Patients’ Positioning and Preparation -- 2.3.2.2 MRI Sequences -- 2.3.3 MRI Interpretation -- 2.3.3.1 Measurement and Grading.

3.10 Deep Endometriosis -- 3.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4: Therapy Monitoring of Oncologic Disease in the Abdomen (Including PET/CT) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Assessment of Local Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in Rectal Cancer -- 4.2.1 Selection of Patients for Neoadjuvant Therapy -- 4.2.2 Assessment of Local Tumor Response and Resectability -- 4.2.3 Assessment of Complete Response After Chemoradiotherapy -- 4.2.4 Assessment of Response for Nodal Disease -- 4.3 Assessment of Response for Systemic Disease -- 4.3.1 Response Based on Morphology for Chemotherapy -- 4.3.2 Response Based on Morphology for Immunotherapy -- 4.3.3 Response Based on FDG PET -- 4.4 Monitoring GIST Molecular Targeted Systemic Therapy -- 4.4.1 Monitoring GIST with CT/MRI -- 4.4.2 Monitoring GIST with PET -- 4.5 Monitoring Liver Disease After SIRT ---

5.2.1 Normal Anatomy -- 5.2.2 Congenital Variants and Anomalies -- 5.2.2.1 Agenesis of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.2 Duplication of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.3 Phrygian Cap of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.4 Multiseptate Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.5 Diverticula of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.6 Ectopic Gallbladder -- 5.2.3 Pathologic Conditions -- 5.2.3.1 Gallstones -- 5.2.3.2 Acute Cholecystitis -- 5.2.3.3 Acalculous Cholecystitis -- 5.2.3.4 Chronic Cholecystitis -- 5.2.3.5 Hyperplastic Cholecystosis -- 5.2.3.6 Gallbladder Neoplasms -- 5.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6: Pathways for the Spread of Disease in the Abdomen and Pelvis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Peritoneal Ligaments as Conduits for the Spread of Disease -- 6.2.1 Gastrohepatic and Hepatoduodenal Ligaments -- 6.2.2 Gastrosplenic and Splenorenal Ligaments ---

10.1.3 Infectious Esophagitis -- 10.1.4 Eosinophilic Esophagitis -- 10.1.5 Drug-Induced Esophagitis -- 10.1.6 Erosive Gastritis -- 10.1.7 Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis -- 10.1.8 Gastric Ulcers -- 10.2 Neoplastic Conditions -- 10.2.1 Esophageal Cancer -- 10.2.2 Gastric Cancer -- 10.2.3 Gastric Lymphoma -- 10.2.4 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) -- 10.2.5 Carcinoid Tumors -- References -- 11: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate in the PI-RADS Era -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 PI-RADS -- 11.2.1 Clinical Considerations -- 11.2.2 Technical Considerations -- 11.2.3 Assessment of Prostatic Lesions -- 11.2.4 Structured Reporting -- 11.3 Concluding Remarks -- Suggested Reading -- 12: Small Bowel Disease -- 12.1 Techniques (US, CTE, MRE) -- 12.2 Normal Anatomy -- 12.3 Pathology -- 12.3.1 Emergency -- 12.3.2 Inflammatory -- 12.3.2.1 Crohn’s Disease (CD) -- 12.3.2.2 NSAID Enteropathy -- 12.3.2.3 Celiac Disease -- 12.3.3 Small Bowel Tumors -- 12.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Emergency Radiology of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Imaging of the Non-­traumatic and Traumatic Acute Abdomen -- 13.1 Imaging Techniques -- 13.1.1 General Considerations -- 13.1.2 CT -- 13.1.3 Ultrasound -- 13.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 13.2 Acute Pain in an Abdominal Quadrant -- 13.2.1 Right Upper Quadrant -- 13.2.2 Left Upper Quadrant -- 13.2.3 Right Lower Quadrant -- 13.2.4 Left Lower Quadrant -- 13.3 Gynecologic Disorders -- 13.4 Acute Abdomen with Diffuse Pain -- 13.4.1 Bowel Obstruction -- 13.4.2 Bowel Ischemia -- 13.4.3 Gastrointestinal Perforation -- 13.4.4 Acute Abdomen with Flank or Epigastric Pain -- 13.4.5 Urinary Colic -- 13.4.6 Acute Pancreatitis -- 13.5 Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma -- 13.5.1 Blunt Abdominal Trauma -- 13.5.2 Imaging Techniques -- 13.5.3 Pneumoperitoneum.

2.3.3.2 Further Evaluation -- 2.4 Overview on Compartment-Based Symptoms -- 2.4.1 Anterior Compartment -- 2.4.2 Middle Compartment -- 2.4.3 Posterior Compartment -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Benign Disease of the Uterus -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Normal Anatomy of the Uterus -- 3.3 MRI Technique -- 3.4 Congenital Anomalies -- 3.4.1 Class 0 (Normal Uterus) -- 3.4.2 Class U1 (Dysmorphic Uterus) -- 3.4.3 Class U2 (Septate Uterus) (Fig. 3.4) -- 3.4.4 Class U3 (Bicorporeal Uterus, syn: Bicornuate Uterus) (Fig. 3.5) -- 3.4.5 Class U4 (Hemi-uterus) (Fig. 3.6) -- 3.4.6 Class U5 (Aplastic Uterus) -- 3.4.7 Class U6 (Unclassified Cases) -- 3.4.8 Classification of Congenital Anomalies of the Cervix and the Vagina -- 3.5 Leiomyoma (Figs. 3.7 and 3.8) -- 3.6 Adenomyosis (Fig. 3.9) -- 3.7 Myometrial Contractions -- 3.8 Endometrial Pathology -- 3.9 Benign Pathology of the Cervix and Vagina ---

6.3.1 Left Peritoneal Space -- 6.3.2 Right Peritoneal Space -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Urogenital Pathologies in Children Revisited -- 7.1 Part I -- 7.1.1 Urinary Tract by Ultrasound: The BUK Approach -- 7.1.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1.2 Bladder -- 7.1.1.3 Ureters -- 7.1.1.4 Kidneys -- 7.1.1.5 Summary -- 7.2 Part II -- 7.2.1 Female Genital Tract -- 7.2.1.1 Normal Development -- 7.2.1.2 Uterus -- 7.2.1.3 Congenital Abnormalities -- 7.2.1.4 Ovaries -- 7.2.1.5 Ovarian Cysts and Other Lesions -- 7.2.1.6 Ovarian Torsion -- 7.2.1.7 Ovarian Neoplasm -- 7.3 Part III -- 7.3.1 Male Genital Tract -- 7.3.1.1 Normal Development -- 7.3.1.2 Congenital Abnormalities -- 7.3.1.3 Testicular Torsion -- 7.3.1.4 Inguinal Hernia -- References -- 8: Adnexal Diseases -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Imaging Modalities to Assess an Adnexal Mass -- 8.2.1 Ultrasound (US) -- 8.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 8.2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) -- 8.2.4 Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) -- 8.3 Adnexal Masses on MRI -- 8.3.1 Benign Cystic Ovarian Masses -- 8.3.1.1 Ovarian Cysts -- 8.3.1.2 Endometriomas -- 8.3.1.3 Benign Teratomas (Mature Cystic Teratomas or Dermoid Cysts) -- 8.3.1.4 Cystadenomas -- 8.3.2 Benign Solid Ovarian Tumors -- 8.3.3 Borderline and Malignant Ovarian Tumors -- 8.4 Risk Stratification of Adnexal Masses Using the AdnexMR Score -- References -- 9: Adrenal Imaging -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Detection of Biochemically Active Adrenal Tumor -- 9.1.2 Staging Patients with Known Underlying Extra-Adrenal Malignancy -- 9.1.3 Evaluation of an Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Mass -- 9.2 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10: Diseases of the Upper GI Tract -- 10.1 Nonneoplastic Conditions -- 10.1.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 10.1.2 Barrett’s Esophagus.

3.10 Deep Endometriosis -- 3.11 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4: Therapy Monitoring of Oncologic Disease in the Abdomen (Including PET/CT) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Assessment of Local Response to Neoadjuvant Treatment in Rectal Cancer -- 4.2.1 Selection of Patients for Neoadjuvant Therapy -- 4.2.2 Assessment of Local Tumor Response and Resectability -- 4.2.3 Assessment of Complete Response After Chemoradiotherapy -- 4.2.4 Assessment of Response for Nodal Disease -- 4.3 Assessment of Response for Systemic Disease -- 4.3.1 Response Based on Morphology for Chemotherapy -- 4.3.2 Response Based on Morphology for Immunotherapy -- 4.3.3 Response Based on FDG PET -- 4.4 Monitoring GIST Molecular Targeted Systemic Therapy -- 4.4.1 Monitoring GIST with CT/MRI -- 4.4.2 Monitoring GIST with PET -- 4.5 Monitoring Liver Disease After SIRT ---

4.5.1 Monitoring SIRT with CT/MRI -- 4.5.2 Monitoring SIRT with PET.

5.2.1 Normal Anatomy -- 5.2.2 Congenital Variants and Anomalies -- 5.2.2.1 Agenesis of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.2 Duplication of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.3 Phrygian Cap of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.4 Multiseptate Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.5 Diverticula of the Gallbladder -- 5.2.2.6 Ectopic Gallbladder -- 5.2.3 Pathologic Conditions -- 5.2.3.1 Gallstones -- 5.2.3.2 Acute Cholecystitis -- 5.2.3.3 Acalculous Cholecystitis -- 5.2.3.4 Chronic Cholecystitis -- 5.2.3.5 Hyperplastic Cholecystosis -- 5.2.3.6 Gallbladder Neoplasms -- 5.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6: Pathways for the Spread of Disease in the Abdomen and Pelvis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Peritoneal Ligaments as Conduits for the Spread of Disease -- 6.2.1 Gastrohepatic and Hepatoduodenal Ligaments -- 6.2.2 Gastrosplenic and Splenorenal Ligaments ---

6.2.3 Gastrocolic Ligament and Transverse Mesocolon -- 6.3 Peritoneal Spaces as Pathways for the Spread of Disease.

10.1.3 Infectious Esophagitis -- 10.1.4 Eosinophilic Esophagitis -- 10.1.5 Drug-Induced Esophagitis -- 10.1.6 Erosive Gastritis -- 10.1.7 Helicobacter Pylori Gastritis -- 10.1.8 Gastric Ulcers -- 10.2 Neoplastic Conditions -- 10.2.1 Esophageal Cancer -- 10.2.2 Gastric Cancer -- 10.2.3 Gastric Lymphoma -- 10.2.4 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) -- 10.2.5 Carcinoid Tumors -- References -- 11: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate in the PI-RADS Era -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 PI-RADS -- 11.2.1 Clinical Considerations -- 11.2.2 Technical Considerations -- 11.2.3 Assessment of Prostatic Lesions -- 11.2.4 Structured Reporting -- 11.3 Concluding Remarks -- Suggested Reading -- 12: Small Bowel Disease -- 12.1 Techniques (US, CTE, MRE) -- 12.2 Normal Anatomy -- 12.3 Pathology -- 12.3.1 Emergency -- 12.3.2 Inflammatory -- 12.3.2.1 Crohn’s Disease (CD) -- 12.3.2.2 NSAID Enteropathy -- 12.3.2.3 Celiac Disease -- 12.3.3 Small Bowel Tumors -- 12.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Emergency Radiology of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Imaging of the Non-­traumatic and Traumatic Acute Abdomen -- 13.1 Imaging Techniques -- 13.1.1 General Considerations -- 13.1.2 CT -- 13.1.3 Ultrasound -- 13.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 13.2 Acute Pain in an Abdominal Quadrant -- 13.2.1 Right Upper Quadrant -- 13.2.2 Left Upper Quadrant -- 13.2.3 Right Lower Quadrant -- 13.2.4 Left Lower Quadrant -- 13.3 Gynecologic Disorders -- 13.4 Acute Abdomen with Diffuse Pain -- 13.4.1 Bowel Obstruction -- 13.4.2 Bowel Ischemia -- 13.4.3 Gastrointestinal Perforation -- 13.4.4 Acute Abdomen with Flank or Epigastric Pain -- 13.4.5 Urinary Colic -- 13.4.6 Acute Pancreatitis -- 13.5 Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma -- 13.5.1 Blunt Abdominal Trauma -- 13.5.2 Imaging Techniques -- 13.5.3 Pneumoperitoneum.

13.5.4 Peritoneal Fluid.

2.3.3.2 Further Evaluation -- 2.4 Overview on Compartment-Based Symptoms -- 2.4.1 Anterior Compartment -- 2.4.2 Middle Compartment -- 2.4.3 Posterior Compartment -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Benign Disease of the Uterus -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Normal Anatomy of the Uterus -- 3.3 MRI Technique -- 3.4 Congenital Anomalies -- 3.4.1 Class 0 (Normal Uterus) -- 3.4.2 Class U1 (Dysmorphic Uterus) -- 3.4.3 Class U2 (Septate Uterus) (Fig. 3.4) -- 3.4.4 Class U3 (Bicorporeal Uterus, syn: Bicornuate Uterus) (Fig. 3.5) -- 3.4.5 Class U4 (Hemi-uterus) (Fig. 3.6) -- 3.4.6 Class U5 (Aplastic Uterus) -- 3.4.7 Class U6 (Unclassified Cases) -- 3.4.8 Classification of Congenital Anomalies of the Cervix and the Vagina -- 3.5 Leiomyoma (Figs. 3.7 and 3.8) -- 3.6 Adenomyosis (Fig. 3.9) -- 3.7 Myometrial Contractions -- 3.8 Endometrial Pathology -- 3.9 Benign Pathology of the Cervix and Vagina ---

4.6 Monitoring Neuroendocrine Tumors -- 4.7 Monitoring Metastasized Prostate Cancer (I) -- 4.7.1 Conventional Monitoring of Metastasized Prostate Cancer with CT and Bone Scans -- 4.7.2 Monitoring Metastasized Prostate Cancer with MRI and PET/CT -- References -- 5: Disease of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tree -- 5.1 Biliary Tract -- 5.1.1 Congenital Biliary Anomalies -- 5.1.1.1 Choledochal Cyst -- 5.1.2 Choledocholithiasis -- 5.1.3 Inflammatory Disorders (Cholangitis) -- 5.1.3.1 Suppurative Cholangitis -- 5.1.3.2 Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis -- 5.1.3.3 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis -- 5.1.3.4 IgG4-Related Cholangitis -- 5.1.4 Neoplasms -- 5.1.4.1 Benign Tumors of the Bile Ducts -- Biliary Hamartoma -- Biliary Cystadenoma (Biliary Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms) -- Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct (IPNB) -- 5.1.4.2 Malignant Tumors of the Bile Ducts -- 5.2 Gallbladder ---

6.3.1 Left Peritoneal Space -- 6.3.2 Right Peritoneal Space -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7: Urogenital Pathologies in Children Revisited -- 7.1 Part I -- 7.1.1 Urinary Tract by Ultrasound: The BUK Approach -- 7.1.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1.2 Bladder -- 7.1.1.3 Ureters -- 7.1.1.4 Kidneys -- 7.1.1.5 Summary -- 7.2 Part II -- 7.2.1 Female Genital Tract -- 7.2.1.1 Normal Development -- 7.2.1.2 Uterus -- 7.2.1.3 Congenital Abnormalities -- 7.2.1.4 Ovaries -- 7.2.1.5 Ovarian Cysts and Other Lesions -- 7.2.1.6 Ovarian Torsion -- 7.2.1.7 Ovarian Neoplasm -- 7.3 Part III -- 7.3.1 Male Genital Tract -- 7.3.1.1 Normal Development -- 7.3.1.2 Congenital Abnormalities -- 7.3.1.3 Testicular Torsion -- 7.3.1.4 Inguinal Hernia -- References -- 8: Adnexal Diseases -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Imaging Modalities to Assess an Adnexal Mass -- 8.2.1 Ultrasound (US) -- 8.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 8.2.3 Computed Tomography (CT) -- 8.2.4 Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) -- 8.3 Adnexal Masses on MRI -- 8.3.1 Benign Cystic Ovarian Masses -- 8.3.1.1 Ovarian Cysts -- 8.3.1.2 Endometriomas -- 8.3.1.3 Benign Teratomas (Mature Cystic Teratomas or Dermoid Cysts) -- 8.3.1.4 Cystadenomas -- 8.3.2 Benign Solid Ovarian Tumors -- 8.3.3 Borderline and Malignant Ovarian Tumors -- 8.4 Risk Stratification of Adnexal Masses Using the AdnexMR Score -- References -- 9: Adrenal Imaging -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Detection of Biochemically Active Adrenal Tumor -- 9.1.2 Staging Patients with Known Underlying Extra-Adrenal Malignancy -- 9.1.3 Evaluation of an Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Mass -- 9.2 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10: Diseases of the Upper GI Tract -- 10.1 Nonneoplastic Conditions -- 10.1.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- 10.1.2 Barrett’s Esophagus.

001895013

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(Au-PeEL)EBL6422568

(MiAaPQ)EBC6422568

(OCoLC)1029761337