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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2017

1 online resource (367 pages)

ISBN 9783319446677 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783319446653

Demographic Research Monographs

Print version: Kreyenfeld, Michaela Childlessness in Europe: Contexts, Causes, and Consequences Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2017 ISBN 9783319446653

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Childlessness in Europe: An Overview -- Chapter 1: Analyzing Childlessness -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Analyzing Childlessness - Issues and Conceptual Problems -- 1.2.1 Is Childlessness a (Post)Modern Phenomenon? -- 1.2.2 Childlessness Across the Life Course -- 1.3 Patterns, Causes, and Consequences of Childlessness -- Literature -- Chapter 2: Childlessness in Europe: Reconstructing Long-Term Trends Among Women Born in 1900-1972 -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data and Methods -- 2.2.1 Reliability of Childlessness Estimates -- 2.2.2 Data Sources on Permanent Childlessness: Drawbacks and Advantages -- 2.2.3 Country Coverage, Data, and Assumptions Employed -- 2.3 Long-Term Developments in Childlessness in Europe: Evidence for 30 Countries -- 2.4 Diversity and Contrasts in Childlessness Trends: Countries and Broader European Regions ---

2.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Literature -- Part II: Country Studies -- Chapter 3: Childlessness in the UK -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 A Continuum of Childlessness -- 3.1.2 Aims of This Chapter -- 3.2 Data Sources -- 3.2.1 Retrospective Fertility Histories from the General Household Survey and the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study -- 3.2.2 Prospective Data from 1970 British Birth Cohort -- 3.3 Childlessness Trends in the UK -- 3.3.1 Historical Trend in Childlessness -- 3.3.2 Educational Differentials in Childlessness in the UK -- 3.4 Fertility Intentions and Childlessness -- 3.4.1 Fertility Intentions -- 3.4.2 Fertility Outcomes -- 3.4.3 Partnership Experience and the Likelihood of Achieving Intentions -- 3.5 Reasons for Remaining Childless -- 3.5.1 Work and Careers Not Reported as the Main Reason ---

3.5.2 The Importance of Having a Partner -- 3.6 Discussion -- Appendix -- Literature.

Chapter 4: Childlessness in France -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Institutional Framework and Family Policies -- 4.3 Female Employment -- 4.4 Fertility and Ideal Family Size -- 4.5 Childlessness -- 4.5.1 How Is Childlessness Measured in France? -- 4.5.2 Development of Childlessness -- 4.5.3 Differences in Childlessness by Education and Occupation of Women -- 4.5.4 Men and Childlessness -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Literature -- Chapter 5: Childlessness in East and West Germany: Long-Term Trends and Social Disparities -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Childlessness in German Census and Micro-census Data: Long-Term Trends in Childlessness -- 5.3 Social Disparities in Childlessness -- 5.3.1 Childlessness by Level of Education -- 5.3.2 Childlessness Among Men and Women -- 5.3.3 Pathways to Childlessness -- 5.4 Summary -- Appendix -- Literature ---

Chapter 6: Childlessness in Switzerland and Austria -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Institutional Setting and Data -- 6.2.1 Institutional Setting -- 6.2.2 Data -- 6.3 Childlessness by Socio-economic Characteristics -- 6.3.1 Changing Levels of Childlessness by Birth Cohort -- 6.3.2 Childlessness by Education -- 6.3.3 Childlessness by Religion -- 6.3.4 Childlessness by Country of Birth -- 6.3.5 Geographical Variations in Childlessness and the Process of Concentration -- 6.4 Fertility Intentions -- 6.5 Conclusions and Discussion -- Literature -- Chapter 7: Childlessness in Finland -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Data and Methods -- 7.2.1 Register Data -- 7.2.2 Survey Data -- 7.3 General Trends in Fertility and Childlessness: Finland as the Northern European Outlier -- 7.4 Increase in Childlessness in Unions -- 7.5 Childlessness Increases Among the Less Educated ---

7.6 Associations of Having a Spouse, Education and Childlessness -- 7.7 Regional and Occupational Effects -- 7.8 Low Voluntary Childlessness -- 7.9 Delays in Planned Childbearing.

7.10 Infertility -- 7.11 Conclusions: Many Shades of Childlessness -- Literature -- Chapter 8: Childlessness in the United States -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources of Data -- 8.2.1 The Cohort Fertility Tables -- 8.2.2 The Fertility Supplement of the Current Population Survey -- 8.2.3 The National Survey of Family Growth -- 8.3 Levels of and Trends in Childlessness -- 8.3.1 Cohort Fertility Tables -- 8.3.2 Fertility Supplements of the Current Population Survey -- 8.3.3 The National Surveys of Family Growth (NSFG) -- 8.3.4 Personal Characteristics and Attitudes of Childless Women -- 8.4 Reasons and Motivations for Remaining Childless -- 8.5 Black Childlessness: Trends and Explanations -- 8.6 Epilogue -- Literature -- Part III: Women’s Education and Childlessness ---

Chapter 9: Education and Childlessness: The Influence of Educational Field and Educational Level on Childlessness among Swedish and Austrian Women -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Sweden and Austria - Institutional Commonalities and Differences -- 9.2.1 Sweden -- 9.2.2 Austria -- 9.2.3 Sweden and Austria - A Comparison of Their Institutions -- 9.3 Childlessness According to Educational Field and Educational Level in Sweden and in Austria -- 9.3.1 Educational Field and Childlessness -- 9.3.2 Educational Level and Childlessness -- 9.4 Education and Childlessness: Discussion and Conclusions -- 9.4.1 Educational System and Childlessness -- 9.4.2 Education and Labour Market -- Educational Fields of Study That Lead to Jobs in the Public Sector -- Fields of Education That Lead to Feminised Occupations in the Private Sector ---

Gender-Mixed Lines of Education with Little Occupational Specialisation -- Gender-Mixed Lines of Education with a High Degree of Occupational Specialisation -- Male-Dominated Lines of Education -- 9.4.3 Choice of Education, Self-Selection, and Social Environment.

9.4.4 Education and Childlessness: Should There Be an Individual-Level or an Institutional Approach? -- Literature -- Chapter 10: Childlessness and Fertility Dynamics of Female Higher Education Graduates in Germany -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Theoretical Basis -- 10.2.1 General Theoretical Assumptions from a Life Course Perspective -- 10.2.2 Specific Assumptions About the Transition to Motherhood Among Female Higher Education Graduates -- 10.3 Data and Methods -- 10.3.1 Data -- 10.3.2 Approach and Method -- 10.3.3 Model Specification -- 10.4 Empirical Findings on the Transition to Motherhood of Higher Education Graduates -- 10.4.1 Family Formation in Different Cohorts -- 10.4.2 Family Formation and Employment History -- 10.5 Summary and Discussion -- Literature -- Part IV: Fertility Ideals, Biographical Decisions and Assisted Reproduction ---

Chapter 11: Fertility Ideals of Women and Men Across the Life Course -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Theoretical Considerations and Prior Findings -- 11.2.1 Previous Findings -- 11.3 Data and Analytical Strategy -- 11.3.1 Method &amp -- Analytical Strategy -- 11.4 Descriptive Results -- 11.5 Multivariate Results -- 11.6 Conclusion -- Literature -- Chapter 12: Childless at Age 30: A Qualitative Study of the Life Course Plans of Working Women in East and West Germany -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The Legacy of Different Socio-political Systems: Starting a Family in West and in East Germany -- 12.3 Theoretical and Empirical Background -- 12.4 Childless Women from East and West Germany: A Comparison -- 12.4.1 Antje from Rostock: Refusal to Engage in Family Planning: "I Hate Planning" ---

12.4.2 Miriam from Lubeck: Family Planning Based on the Main Breadwinner Model: "I Envision it Like This, That I Will Definitely Stay Home".

12.4.3 Kristin from Rostock: Egalitarian Gender Roles and the Impossibility of Reconciling Work and Family Life: "A Great Job and Family-How is that Supposed to Work Out?" -- 12.4.4 Karen from Lubeck: Planning a Family with a Gender-­Related Role Allocation: "It Will be One of Those Modern Relationships, Where the Husband Works Somewhere else During the Week and Comes Home Over the Weekend" -- 12.5 Shared Living Conditions: Differing Conceptions and Behavioral Patterns -- References -- Chapter 13: Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Germany: A Review of the Current Situation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Legal Framework and Rules for the Assumption of Costs for ART -- 13.3 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) -- 13.3.1 Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) -- 13.3.2 In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) -- 13.3.3 Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) -- 13.3.4 Cryopreservation ---

13.3.5 Temporal Development of ART and Measures of Success -- 13.4 Discussion -- Literature -- Chapter 14: Assisted Reproductive Technology in Europe: Usage and Regulation in the Context of Cross-Border Reproductive Care -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Usage of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in European Countries -- 14.3 Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Europe -- 14.4 Cross-Border Reproductive Care in Europe -- 14.5 Discussion -- Literature -- Part V: Consequences of Childlessness -- Chapter 15: What’s a (Childless) Man Without a Woman? The Differential Importance of Couple Dynamics for the Wellbeing of Childless Men and Women in the Netherlands -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Theoretical Background -- 15.2.1 Gendered Benefits of Marriage? -- 15.2.2 Gender Differences in the Importance of Relationship Characteristics ---

15.2.3 Is the Picture Different for Childless Couples? -- 15.3 Method &amp -- Method -- 15.3.1 Data -- 15.3.2 Measures -- 15.3.3 Analytical Approach.

15.4 Results.

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Part I Childlessness in Europe: An Overview // 1 Analyzing Childlessness... 3 // Michaela Kreyenfeld and Dirk Konietzka // 2 Childlessness in Europe: Reconstructing Long-Term // Trends Among Women Born in 1900-1972... 17 // Tomáš Sobotka // Part II Country Studies // 3 Childlessness in the UK... 57 // Ann Berrington // 4 Childlessness in France... 77 // Katja Koppen, Magali Mazuy, and Laurent Toulemon // 5 Childlessness in East and West Germany: Long-Term // Trends and Social Disparities... 97 // Michaela Kreyenfeld and Dirk Konietzka // 6 Childlessness in Switzerland and Austria... 115 // Marion Burkimsher and Kryštof Zeman // 7 Childlessness in Finland... 139 // Anna Rotkirch and Anneli Miettinen // 8 Childlessness in the United States... 159 // Tomas Frejka // Part III Women’s Education and Childlessness // 9 Education and Childlessness: The Influence of Educational // Field and Educational Level on Childlessness among Swedish and Austrian Women // Gerda Neyer, Jan M. Hoem, and Gunnar Andersson // 10 Childlessness and Fertility Dynamics of Female Higher // Education Graduates in Germany // Hildegard Schaeper, Michael Grotheer, and Gesche Brandt // Part IY Fertility Ideals, Biographical Decisions and Assisted Reproduction // 11 Fertility Ideals of Women and Men Across the Life Course // Anne-Kristin Kuhnt, Michaela Kreyenfeld, and Heike Trappe // 12 Childless at Age 30: A Qualitative Study of the Life Course // Plans of Working Women in East and West Germany // Laura Bernardi and Sylvia Keim //

13 Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Germany: // A Review of the Current Situation // Heike Trappe // 14 Assisted Reproductive Technology in Europe: Usage // and Regulation in the Context of Cross-Border Reproductive Care // Patrick Präg and Melinda C. Mills // Part V Consequences of Childlessness // 15 What’s a (Childless) Man Without a Woman? // The Differential Importance of Couple Dynamics for the Wellbeing of Childless Men and Women // in the Netherlands // Renske Keizer and Katya Ivanova // 16 Fertility and Women’s Old-Age Income in Germany // Tatjana Mika and Christin Czaplicki // 17 Childlessness and Intergenerational Transfers in Later Life // Marco Albertini and Martin Kohli // Index

(Au-PeEL)EBL6422679

(MiAaPQ)EBC6422679

(OCoLC)1051778908