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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2017

1 online resource (515 pages)

ISBN 9783319597348 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783319597331

Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Ser.

Print version: B.V., Shell International China’s Gas Development Strategies Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2017 ISBN 9783319597331

Intro -- Foreword I -- How to Encourage the Development of Natural Gas as a Major Energy Source in China -- Foreword II -- Joining Hands in Dealing with the Challenges Presented by Energy and the Climate -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 General Summary -- 1.1 Global Trends in the Natural Gas Industry -- 1.1.1 Abundant Resources, and a Greater Role for Natural Gas in the Future -- 1.1.2 Changes to the Global Trade and Pricing, and a More Interconnected Market -- 1.1.3 Falling Oil Prices and Their Effect on Natural Gas Markets-but no Great in the Price of Imported Gas in China in the & -- !blank -- Medium to Long Term -- 1.1.4 China’s Share of the Global Natural Gas Market Is Slowly Growing-China Must Become an Active Player in the & -- !blank -- International Natural Gas Market -- 1.2 China’s Natural Gas Supply and Demand and Its Primary Challenges -- 1.2.1 The Chinese Economy’s New Normal -- 1.2.2 Growth Natural Gas Demand in China -- 1.2.3 Potential to Expand Domestic Natural Gas Supply and Import Capacity in China -- 1.2.4 Key Problems Facing the Development of the Natural Gas Industry -- 1.3 China’s Natural Gas Industry Development Strategy for the Next 15 Years -- 1.3.1 National Strategy and Policy Are Crucial for Natural Gas Industry Development in China -- 1.3.2 Strategic Objectives of High Efficiency, Safety and Sustainability -- 1.3.3 Clearly Defined Channels and Targets of the Natural Gas Industry -- 1.4 Raising Efficiency and Supporting Improved Policies to Expand Natural Gas Use -- 1.4.1 Strengthen Environmental Regulation, Improve Resource Utilisation Efficiency, Substitute Natural Gas for Coal -- 1.4.2 Improve Planning and Technological Standards, and Promote the Development of Natural Gas Transportation.

1.4.3 Improve the Pricing Mechanism, Making the Development of Natural Gas Electrical Power Generation Justifiable -- 1.4.4 Adjust Gas Prices for Residential and Chemical Industry Use, and Reduce Cross-Subsidies for Different Users -- 1.5 Measures to Ensure a Safe and Efficient Gas Supply -- 1.5.1 Attracting New Players to Resource Exploitation to Expand Natural Gas Production -- 1.5.2 Achieving Import Diversification, Safeguarding the Security of Natural Gas Imports -- 1.5.3 Accelerating the Construction of Pipeline Network, Promoting Network Interconnectivity -- 1.5.4 Accelerate the Construction of Natural Gas Reserve Facilities and Implement Corresponding Institutional Reform -- 1.5.5 Improve Technology Capacity and Strengthen the Long-Term Development Capability -- 1.6 Constructing a Modern Natural Gas Market Mechanism and Management System -- 1.6.1 Liberalisation of the Upstream Sector and True Import Liberalisation -- 1.6.2 Step-by-Step Natural Gas Price Reform, Accelerated Construction of Natural Gas Trade Hubs -- 1.6.3 Clear Allocation of Functions and Robust Supervision to Support Unbundling and Third-Party Access -- 1.6.4 Strengthen Energy Resource Management, Establish a Regulatory System and Build Regulatory Capacity -- 1.6.5 Support the Development of Professional Services and Technological Companies -- Use Market Forces to Promote the Expansion of the Division of Labour -- 1.7 Deepen the Laws and Regulations System of the Gas Sector, and Establish a Sound Legal System -- Analysis of Natural Gas Demand -- 2 Developments in Global Natural Gas Consumption -- 2.1 Major Factors Affecting Natural Gas Consumption Growth in Other Countries -- 2.1.1 Proportion of Energy Consumption of Natural Gas in Various Countries -- 2.1.2 Breakdown of Natural Gas Consumption Growth in Seven Benchmark Countries.

3.2.6 Potential Prospects for Transportation Market Natural Gas Demand -- 3.3 Urban Use: Assessment of Price Tolerance for Natural Gas to Replace Other Fuels -- 3.3.1 Price Tolerance is Relatively High for Residential Usage of Natural Gas -- 3.3.2 Price Tolerance is also Quite Resilient in Commercial Service Natural Gas Use -- 3.3.3 Price Tolerance is Weak for Centralised Urban Heating Using Natural Gas -- 3.4 Industrial Use: Cost Comparison of Natural Gas Replacing Other Energy Sources -- 3.4.1 Price Tolerance is Very Low for Replacement of Fuel Oil by Natural Gas in the Glass Industry -- 3.4.2 Price Tolerance is Relatively Weak for the Ceramics Industry for Replacement of Coal Gas by Natural Gas -- 3.4.3 Natural Gas Price Tolerance is Relatively Poor for Steam Production as a Replace ment for Coal -- 3.5 Chemicals: Potential for Increased Natural Gas Use in the Production Process -- 3.5.1 Price Tolerance of Natural Gas is Extremely Low for &amp -- !blank -- the &amp -- !blank -- Manufacture of Synthetic Ammonia -- 3.5.2 Price Tolerance of Natural Gas is Very Weak for the &amp -- !blank -- Manufacture of Methanol -- 3.5.3 Price Tolerance of Natural Gas is Very Strong for the Manufacture of Hydrogen -- 3.6 China’s Natural Gas Demand Curve and Ways to Increase Natural Gas Consumption -- 3.6.1 China’s Natural Gas Prices in 2013 -- 3.6.2 Natural Gas Demand Curve for China in 2013 -- 3.6.3 Implementation Model of Effective Demand and Actual Natural Gas Consumption Based on Natural Gas Price Reform Targets -- 4 Environmental and Social Value of Natural Gas -- 4.1 Losses Caused by Atmospheric Pollution in China -- 4.1.1 Atmospheric Pollution is a Key Cause of Death in China -- 4.1.2 Losses from Injury to Health Caused by Atmospheric Pollution in China Account for 3-12% of GDP -- 4.2 The Environmental Value of Natural Gas as a Substitute for Coal.

5.4.2 Effects on Pollutant Discharge of Natural Gas Consumer Demand Growth.

2.1.3 The Importance of Fuel Switching in Natural Gas Demand Growth -- 2.2 Primary Factors Motivating Switching from Other Fuels to Natural Gas -- 2.2.1 Various Approaches to Natural Gas Replacement -- 2.2.2 Analysis of Driving Factors in OECD Member Countries Switching to Natural Gas -- 2.2.3 Further Analysis of Motivating Factors for a Country to Switch to Natural Gas -- 2.2.4 Summary -- 2.3 The Influence of Natural Gas Price on Demand -- 2.3.1 The Relationship Between Natural Gas Price Changes and Changes in Demand in OECD Countries Is not Pronounced -- 2.3.2 Limited Effect on Demand of Difference in Price Between Natural Gas and Other Energy Sources -- 2.4 Current State of Natural Gas Use in China and Future Trends -- 2.4.1 Sector Distribution and Total Gas Consumption in China Since 2000 -- 2.4.2 Mid- to Long-Term Energy and Natural Gas Development Plans in China -- 2.4.3 Mid- to Long-Term Natural Gas Development Trends for China Based on International Experiences -- 3 Potential for Natural Gas to Act as a Substitute Fuel in China -- 3.1 Power Generation: Cost Comparison of Gas as a & -- !blank -- Substitute for Coal in Power Generation -- 3.1.1 Direct Cost Comparison Between Gas Generation and Coal Generation -- 3.1.2 Other Factors Influencing the Competitiveness of Gas-Fired Power Generation -- 3.1.3 Conclusions Regarding the Prospects of Gas Replacing Coal in Power Generation -- 3.2 Transport: Analysis of Natural Gas as a Substitute for Diesel -- 3.2.1 Primary Motivators for Natural Gas to Replace Diesel -- 3.2.2 Natural Gas Oil Replacement Price Tolerance in the Urban Transport Sector -- 3.2.3 Commercial Vehicle Natural Gas Diesel Replacement Price Tolerance -- 3.2.4 Ship Transport Natural Gas Diesel Replacement Price Tolerance -- 3.2.5 General Factors in the Transportation Market Relating to Gas Replacement of Diesel.

3.2.6 Potential Prospects for Transportation Market Natural Gas Demand -- 3.3 Urban Use: Assessment of Price Tolerance for Natural Gas to Replace Other Fuels -- 3.3.1 Price Tolerance is Relatively High for Residential Usage of Natural Gas -- 3.3.2 Price Tolerance is also Quite Resilient in Commercial Service Natural Gas Use -- 3.3.3 Price Tolerance is Weak for Centralised Urban Heating Using Natural Gas -- 3.4 Industrial Use: Cost Comparison of Natural Gas Replacing Other Energy Sources -- 3.4.1 Price Tolerance is Very Low for Replacement of Fuel Oil by Natural Gas in the Glass Industry -- 3.4.2 Price Tolerance is Relatively Weak for the Ceramics Industry for Replacement of Coal Gas by Natural Gas -- 3.4.3 Natural Gas Price Tolerance is Relatively Poor for Steam Production as a Replace ment for Coal -- 3.5 Chemicals: Potential for Increased Natural Gas Use in the Production Process -- 3.5.1 Price Tolerance of Natural Gas is Extremely Low for & -- !blank -- the & -- !blank -- Manufacture of Synthetic Ammonia -- 3.5.2 Price Tolerance of Natural Gas is Very Weak for the & -- !blank -- Manufacture of Methanol -- 3.5.3 Price Tolerance of Natural Gas is Very Strong for the Manufacture of Hydrogen -- 3.6 China’s Natural Gas Demand Curve and Ways to Increase Natural Gas Consumption -- 3.6.1 China’s Natural Gas Prices in 2013 -- 3.6.2 Natural Gas Demand Curve for China in 2013 -- 3.6.3 Implementation Model of Effective Demand and Actual Natural Gas Consumption Based on Natural Gas Price Reform Targets -- 4 Environmental and Social Value of Natural Gas -- 4.1 Losses Caused by Atmospheric Pollution in China -- 4.1.1 Atmospheric Pollution is a Key Cause of Death in China -- 4.1.2 Losses from Injury to Health Caused by Atmospheric Pollution in China Account for 3-12% of GDP -- 4.2 The Environmental Value of Natural Gas as a Substitute for Coal.

4.2.1 Environmental Pollution and Economic Losses Incurred During Coal Production -- 4.2.2 Environmental Pollution and Economic Loss During Coal Transportation -- 4.2.3 Estimates of & -- !blank -- Environmental Pollution and & -- !blank -- Economic Losses Arising from & -- !blank -- Coal Use -- 4.2.4 Environmental Value Assessment for Natural Gas Substituting Coal -- 4.3 Social Value of Natural Gas as a Substitute for Coal -- 4.3.1 Social Loss of Coal Production -- 4.3.2 Social Loss of Coal Use -- 4.3.3 Social Value Assessment of Natural Gas as a Substitute for Coal -- 4.4 China’s Achievements in Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction -- 4.4.1 Targets and Main Measures for Sulphur Dioxide Emission Reduction During the Period of the 12th Five-Year Plan -- 4.4.2 Emissions Reduction Results Achieved During the 11th Five-Year Plan Period -- 4.4.3 Enormous Potential for Natural Gas to Substitute for Coal in Industrial Fuel and Residential Heating -- 5 Analysis of Medium- to Long-Term Natural Gas Demand and Supply -- 5.1 The Natural Gas Supply-Demand Model -- 5.1.1 Basic Characteristics of the Model -- 5.1.2 Main Intensifications and Adjustments Made Towards Studies of Natural Gas in This Model -- 5.2 Simulation Scenarios for Analysis Simulations of Natural Gas Demand -- 5.2.1 Key Assumptions of the Standard Scenario -- 5.2.2 Key Assumptions of the Policy-Driven Scenario -- 5.3 Natural Gas Supply and Demand in the Standard Scenario -- 5.3.1 Speed of Economic Growth and International Comparison -- 5.3.2 Mid- to Long-Term Changes in Industrial Structures -- 5.3.3 Energy Consumption and Structural Change -- 5.3.4 Demand for Natural Gas and Main Increases in Consumption -- 5.4 Natural Gas Supply and Demand in the Policy-Driven Scenario -- 5.4.1 Total Natural Gas Supply and Demand.

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