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Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021

1 online resource (562 pages)

ISBN 9789811583230 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9789811583223

Print version: Almoallim, Hani Skills in Rheumatology Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2021 ISBN 9789811583223

Drop Arm Test (Fig. 2.22) -- For AC joint:.

2.5.1 The Hand and Wrist Joints -- 2.5.1.1 First Step: The Anatomy -- Anatomy of the Hand Joints (Fig. 2.1) -- Approach to Hand Pain -- 2.5.1.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of motion -- Special tests -- 2.5.2 The Elbow Joint -- 2.5.2.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Figs. 2.7 and 2.8) -- Approach to Elbow Pain -- Differential Diagnosis -- 2.5.2.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion -- Special Tests -- Golfer’s Elbow Test -- Tennis Elbow Test -- Elbow Flexion Test (Ulnar Nerve) -- 2.5.3 The Shoulder Joint -- 2.5.3.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.15) -- Approach to Shoulder Pain -- 2.5.3.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion -- Special Tests -- For RCT -- Infraspinatus and Teres Minor -- Left off Test -- Hawkins Impingement Sign ---

Drop Arm Test (Fig. 2.22) -- For AC joint:.

Intro -- Introduction -- How to Use This Book? -- Acknowledgement -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Basics in Rheumatology -- 1: History-Taking Skills in Rheumatology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Objectives -- 1.2 Approach to History Taking in Rheumatology -- 1.3 Historical Correlation -- 1.4 Physical Examination -- 1.5 How to Present your Case -- 1.5.1 Impression -- 1.5.2 Problem List -- 1.6 Follow-Up Patient -- 1.7 The 2011 ACR/EULAR Definitions of Remission in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials -- 1.7.1 Boolean-Based Definition [2] -- 1.7.2 Index-Based Definition -- References -- 2: Approach to Musculoskeletal Examination -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Objectives -- 2.2 Epidemiology of Rheumatic Diseases -- 2.3 Current Status of MSK Examination -- 2.4 General Approach to MSK Examination -- 2.5 Musculoskeletal Examination of Upper Limb Joints (Fig. 2.1) ---

2.6 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Lower Limb Joints -- 2.6.1 Ankle Joint -- 2.6.1.1 First Step: The Anatomy -- Approach to Ankle Pain -- 2.6.1.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion (Fig. 2.30) -- Special Tests -- 2.6.2 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Knee Joint -- 2.6.2.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.35) -- Approach to Knee Pain -- 2.6.2.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion -- Special Tests -- 2.6.3 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Hip Joint -- 2.6.3.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.39) -- Approach to Hip Pain -- 2.6.3.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion -- Special Tests -- 2.7 Back Examination -- 2.7.1 First Step: The Anatomy -- 2.7.2 Second Step: The Approach -- 2.7.2.1 Inspection -- 2.7.2.2 Screening/Gait Assessment -- 2.7.2.3 Palpation -- 2.7.2.4 Range of Motion -- 2.7.2.5 Special Tests -- Straight Leg Raising Test (SLRT) (Fig. 2.54) -- Slump Test (Fig. 2.56) -- Sacroilliac Joints Exam -- Modified Schober’s Test -- Neurological Exam -- References -- 3: Laboratory Interpretation of Rheumatic Diseases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Objectives -- 3.2 Acute Phase Reactants -- 3.3 Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and Anti-citrullinated Protein Antibody (ACPA) -- 3.3.1 Definition -- 3.4 Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs) -- 3.4.1 Definition -- 3.4.2 Methods of Measurement -- 3.5 ANA Profile -- 3.5.1 Definition -- 3.6 Other Disease-Specific Antinuclear Antibodies and Cytoplasmic Antibodies -- 3.7 Circulatory Complement Components -- 3.7.1 Mechanism of Acquired Complement Deficiencies -- 3.8 Synovial Fluid Analysis -- 3.9 Key Notes -- 3.9.1 Gram Stain -- 3.9.2 Synovial Fluid Culture -- 3.9.3 Diagnostic Approach.

5.4.2.6 Ultrasonography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 5.5 Summary -- 5.5.1 Active Inflammatory Findings -- 5.5.2 Chronic Inflammatory Findings -- References -- Part II: Diagnostic Approach to Common Medical Problems in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases -- 6: Low-Back Pain -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Learning Objectives -- 6.3 Definition -- 6.4 Prevalence -- 6.5 Differential Diagnosis -- 6.6 Approach to Diagnosis -- 6.7 Radiological Studies for LBP -- 6.8 Detection of Inflammatory Back Pain -- 6.9 Treatment of Low-Back Pain (Acute or Sub-Acute Pain) [17, 18] -- 6.10 Treatment of Inflammatory Back Pain (IBP) -- 6.11 Referral -- References -- 7: Pulmonary Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chapter Objectives -- 7.3 About the Chapter -- 7.4 To Get the Most of the Chapter -- 7.5 Important Information about Pulmonary Manifestations of CTDs before Going through the Chapter -- 7.6 Pulmonary Manifestations According to each CTD -- 7.6.1 Systemic Sclerosis or Scleroderma (SSc) -- 7.6.1.1 Parenchymal Lung Diseases -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- Aspiration Pneumonitis -- 7.6.1.2 Vascular Diseases -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Screening -- Diagnosis -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- 7.6.1.3 Airway Disease -- Bronchiectasis -- Pleural Involvement -- Pleural Effusion -- Spontaneous Pneumothorax -- Respiratory Muscle Weakness -- 7.6.1.4 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -- Background -- Pulmonary Manifestations -- Pleural Diseases -- Pleural Effusion -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- 7.6.1.5 Parenchymal Lung Disease -- Acute Lupus Pneumonitis (ALP) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.6 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.7 Chronic ILD.

Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.8 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases -- Thromboembolic Disease -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.9 SLE-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (SLE-PAH) -- Background -- Presentation -- Screening -- Treatment -- Acute Reversible Hypoxia -- 7.6.1.10 Airway Disease -- Upper Airway Involvement -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Lower Airway Involvement -- Bronchiectasis -- Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO)/Obliterative Bronchiolitis (OB) -- 7.6.1.11 Muscle Involvement -- Shrinking Lung Syndrome (SLS) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.12 Associated Lung Disorders -- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -- Infectious Complications -- Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) Prophylaxis -- Lung Cancer -- Drug Reactions -- 7.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -- 7.7.1 Introduction -- 7.7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.7.1.2 Presentation -- 7.7.1.3 Diagnosis -- 7.7.1.4 Treatment -- 7.7.1.5 Prognosis -- 7.7.2 Pleural Diseases -- 7.7.2.1 Pleural Effusion -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Complications -- 7.7.3 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases -- 7.7.3.1 PAH -- 7.7.3.2 DAH -- 7.7.4 Airway Diseases: Upper Airway Diseases -- 7.7.4.1 Cricoarytenoid Arthritis -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.7.4.2 Vocal Cord Rheumatoid Nodule -- 7.7.5 Airway Diseases: Lower Airway Diseases -- 7.7.5.1 Bronchiectasis -- 7.7.6 Airway Obstruction and Bronchial Hyperreactivity -- 7.7.6.1 Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.7.6.2 Follicular Bronchiolitis -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis.

2.6 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Lower Limb Joints -- 2.6.1 Ankle Joint -- 2.6.1.1 First Step: The Anatomy -- Approach to Ankle Pain -- 2.6.1.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion (Fig. 2.30) -- Special Tests -- 2.6.2 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Knee Joint -- 2.6.2.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.35) -- Approach to Knee Pain -- 2.6.2.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion -- Special Tests -- 2.6.3 Musculoskeletal Examination of the Hip Joint -- 2.6.3.1 First Step: The Anatomy (Fig. 2.39) -- Approach to Hip Pain -- 2.6.3.2 Second Step: The Approach -- Inspection -- Screening Exam -- Palpation -- Range of Motion -- Special Tests -- 2.7 Back Examination -- 2.7.1 First Step: The Anatomy -- 2.7.2 Second Step: The Approach -- 2.7.2.1 Inspection -- 2.7.2.2 Screening/Gait Assessment -- 2.7.2.3 Palpation -- 2.7.2.4 Range of Motion -- 2.7.2.5 Special Tests -- Straight Leg Raising Test (SLRT) (Fig. 2.54) -- Slump Test (Fig. 2.56) -- Sacroilliac Joints Exam -- Modified Schober’s Test -- Neurological Exam -- References -- 3: Laboratory Interpretation of Rheumatic Diseases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Objectives -- 3.2 Acute Phase Reactants -- 3.3 Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and Anti-citrullinated Protein Antibody (ACPA) -- 3.3.1 Definition -- 3.4 Antinuclear Antibodies (ANAs) -- 3.4.1 Definition -- 3.4.2 Methods of Measurement -- 3.5 ANA Profile -- 3.5.1 Definition -- 3.6 Other Disease-Specific Antinuclear Antibodies and Cytoplasmic Antibodies -- 3.7 Circulatory Complement Components -- 3.7.1 Mechanism of Acquired Complement Deficiencies -- 3.8 Synovial Fluid Analysis -- 3.9 Key Notes -- 3.9.1 Gram Stain -- 3.9.2 Synovial Fluid Culture -- 3.9.3 Diagnostic Approach.

3.9.4 Crystal Search Using Polarized Light Microscopy -- 3.10 Summary -- References -- 4: Pharmacotherapy in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Learning Objectives -- 4.3 Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) -- 4.4 Synthetic Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (sDMARDs) -- 4.4.1 Methotrexate -- 4.4.2 Leflunomide -- 4.4.3 Azathioprine -- 4.4.4 Hydroxychloroquine -- 4.4.5 Sulfasalazine -- 4.4.6 Mycophenolate Mofetil -- 4.4.7 Cyclophosphamide -- 4.4.8 Tofacitinib -- 4.4.9 Apremilast -- 4.5 Biological Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (bDMARDs) -- 4.5.1 TNF-a Blockers -- 4.5.2 Rituximab -- 4.5.3 Abatacept -- 4.5.4 Tocilizumab -- 4.5.5 Ustekinumab -- 4.5.6 Secukinumab -- 4.6 Glucocorticoids -- 4.7 Anti-Resorptive Drugs -- 4.7.1 Bisphosphonates -- 4.7.2 Raloxifene -- 4.7.3 Teriparatide -- 4.7.4 Denosumab -- 4.8 Drugs Used in Crystal Arthropathy -- 4.8.1 Colchicine -- 4.8.2 Allopurinol -- 4.9 Symptom-Specific Drugs -- References -- 5: Radiology in Rheumatology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Learning Objectives -- 5.3 Infectious Arthritis -- 5.3.1 Septic Arthritis -- 5.3.1.1 Radiographs -- 5.3.1.2 Ultrasonography -- 5.3.1.3 CT Scan -- 5.3.1.4 MRI -- 5.3.1.5 Scintigraphy -- 5.3.2 Tuberculous Arthritis -- 5.3.2.1 Radiograph -- 5.3.2.2 Ultrasonography -- 5.3.2.3 CT Scan -- 5.3.2.4 MRI -- 5.3.3 Brucella Arthritis -- 5.3.3.1 Radiograph -- 5.3.3.2 Ultrasonography -- 5.3.3.3 CT Scan -- 5.3.3.4 MRI -- 5.3.3.5 Scintigraphy -- 5.4 Metabolic Arthritis -- 5.4.1 Gouty Arthritis -- 5.4.1.1 Radiographs -- 5.4.1.2 Ultrasonography -- 5.4.1.3 CT Scan -- 5.4.1.4 MRI -- 5.4.2 Calcium Pyrophosphate Dehydrate (CPPD) Deposition Disease or Pseudogout -- 5.4.2.1 Radiograph -- 5.4.2.2 Ultrasonography -- 5.4.2.3 CT Scan -- 5.4.2.4 MRI -- 5.4.2.5 Radiographs.

5.4.2.6 Ultrasonography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 5.5 Summary -- 5.5.1 Active Inflammatory Findings -- 5.5.2 Chronic Inflammatory Findings -- References -- Part II: Diagnostic Approach to Common Medical Problems in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases -- 6: Low-Back Pain -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Learning Objectives -- 6.3 Definition -- 6.4 Prevalence -- 6.5 Differential Diagnosis -- 6.6 Approach to Diagnosis -- 6.7 Radiological Studies for LBP -- 6.8 Detection of Inflammatory Back Pain -- 6.9 Treatment of Low-Back Pain (Acute or Sub-Acute Pain) [17, 18] -- 6.10 Treatment of Inflammatory Back Pain (IBP) -- 6.11 Referral -- References -- 7: Pulmonary Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chapter Objectives -- 7.3 About the Chapter -- 7.4 To Get the Most of the Chapter -- 7.5 Important Information about Pulmonary Manifestations of CTDs before Going through the Chapter -- 7.6 Pulmonary Manifestations According to each CTD -- 7.6.1 Systemic Sclerosis or Scleroderma (SSc) -- 7.6.1.1 Parenchymal Lung Diseases -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- Aspiration Pneumonitis -- 7.6.1.2 Vascular Diseases -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Screening -- Diagnosis -- Prognosis -- Treatment -- 7.6.1.3 Airway Disease -- Bronchiectasis -- Pleural Involvement -- Pleural Effusion -- Spontaneous Pneumothorax -- Respiratory Muscle Weakness -- 7.6.1.4 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -- Background -- Pulmonary Manifestations -- Pleural Diseases -- Pleural Effusion -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- 7.6.1.5 Parenchymal Lung Disease -- Acute Lupus Pneumonitis (ALP) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.6 Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (DAH) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.7 Chronic ILD.

7.7.7 Rheumatoid Nodule and its Complications: (Necrobiotic Nodule).

Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.8 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases -- Thromboembolic Disease -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.9 SLE-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (SLE-PAH) -- Background -- Presentation -- Screening -- Treatment -- Acute Reversible Hypoxia -- 7.6.1.10 Airway Disease -- Upper Airway Involvement -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Lower Airway Involvement -- Bronchiectasis -- Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO)/Obliterative Bronchiolitis (OB) -- 7.6.1.11 Muscle Involvement -- Shrinking Lung Syndrome (SLS) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.6.1.12 Associated Lung Disorders -- Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) -- Infectious Complications -- Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) Prophylaxis -- Lung Cancer -- Drug Reactions -- 7.7 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) -- 7.7.1 Introduction -- 7.7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.7.1.2 Presentation -- 7.7.1.3 Diagnosis -- 7.7.1.4 Treatment -- 7.7.1.5 Prognosis -- 7.7.2 Pleural Diseases -- 7.7.2.1 Pleural Effusion -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Complications -- 7.7.3 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases -- 7.7.3.1 PAH -- 7.7.3.2 DAH -- 7.7.4 Airway Diseases: Upper Airway Diseases -- 7.7.4.1 Cricoarytenoid Arthritis -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.7.4.2 Vocal Cord Rheumatoid Nodule -- 7.7.5 Airway Diseases: Lower Airway Diseases -- 7.7.5.1 Bronchiectasis -- 7.7.6 Airway Obstruction and Bronchial Hyperreactivity -- 7.7.6.1 Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO) -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis -- 7.7.6.2 Follicular Bronchiolitis -- Introduction -- Presentation -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Prognosis.

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