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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021

1 online resource (208 pages)

ISBN 9783030758295 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030758288

SpringerBriefs in Energy Ser.

Print version: Michoud, Bruno Financing Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2021 ISBN 9783030758288

4.6 International Cooperation and Partnerships -- 4.6.1 Regional Power Pools.

3.3.2 Risk Management as a Dynamic and Context-Dependent Process -- 3.3.3 Risk Definition -- 3.3.4 Risks Associated with Investment Opportunities -- 3.4 De-risking Strategies and Risk Mitigation Actions -- 3.4.1 Four Different Spheres of Interest -- 3.4.2 Risk Mitigation Strategy Identification -- References -- 4 Public Policies and Initiatives in the Energy Sector -- 4.1 The Importance of Energy Policies -- 4.2 National Energy Planning -- 4.3 Public Sector Initiatives -- 4.3.1 Governance and Management Practices -- 4.3.2 Market Information -- 4.3.3 Standards of Quality -- 4.3.4 Administrative Procedures -- 4.3.5 Pipeline Facilities -- 4.3.6 Capacity Building -- 4.3.7 Awareness Campaigns -- 4.3.8 Rural Energy Agencies -- 4.3.9 Grid Arrival and Access to the National Grid -- 4.4 Utility Reform -- 4.5 Tariff Setting -- 4.5.1 Mini-Grids -- 4.5.2 National Grid ---

4.6 International Cooperation and Partnerships -- 4.6.1 Regional Power Pools.

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- References -- 2 Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: General Context -- 2.1 The Importance of Energy -- 2.1.1 The Root Causes of Energy Poverty -- 2.1.2 Energy, Welfare and Economic Development -- 2.1.3 Climate Change and Price Volatility -- 2.1.4 Health and Gender Considerations -- 2.2 The Financing Gaps -- 2.3 Current Investment Trends -- 2.3.1 Electricity Access -- 2.3.2 Clean Cooking -- References -- 3 Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategy Identification -- 3.1 Investment Opportunities in the Clean Energy Sector -- 3.1.1 Stand-Alone Systems -- 3.1.2 Mini-Grids -- 3.1.3 Medium- and Large-Scale Power Generation Plants -- 3.1.4 National Grid -- 3.1.5 Clean Cooking Systems -- 3.2 Identification of Core Stakeholders -- 3.2.1 Capital Providers -- 3.3 Identification of Investment Risks -- 3.3.1 Investment Risks ---

4.7 Fiscal Incentives -- 4.8 Subsidies -- 4.8.1 Subsidies in the Clean Energy Sector -- 4.8.2 Subsidy Reform -- 4.9 Priority Sector Lending -- 4.10 Obstacles and Opportunities for a Fast and Comprehensive Implementation-The Political Economy of Policy Implementation -- References -- 5 Direct and Indirect Investments in the Energy Sector -- 5.1 The Role of Public Finance -- 5.2 Traditional and Alternative Financial Instruments -- 5.2.1 Grants -- 5.2.2 Debt-Like Instruments -- 5.2.3 Equity-Like Investments -- 5.3 Special-Purpose Investment Vehicles -- 5.4 Alternative Financial Structures -- 5.4.1 Blended Finance -- 5.4.2 Crowdfunding Platforms -- 5.4.3 Structured Finance -- 5.4.4 Financial Structures for Large and Complex Energy Projects -- References -- 6 Capital Markets for the Financing of Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 6.1 Green Bonds -- 6.1.1 Other Financing Opportunities in the Bond Markets -- 6.2 A Price on Carbon: Carbon Pricing and Carbon Finance as Sources of Capital -- 6.2.1 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) -- 6.2.2 Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCMs) -- 6.2.3 Carbon Market Shortcomings -- 6.3 The Financial Sector and Capital Markets in Africa -- 6.3.1 The Development of Capital Markets -- 6.3.2 African Banking Systems -- References -- 7 Risk Mitigation Instruments Targeting Specific Investment Risks -- 7.1 Guarantee Instruments and Insurance -- 7.1.1 Guarantees Issued by Governments -- 7.1.2 Political Risk Guarantees and Insurance -- 7.1.3 Credit Risk Guarantees -- 7.2 Currency Risk Mitigation -- 7.3 Liquidity Risk Mitigation -- 7.3.1 Public External Liquidity Facilities -- 7.3.2 Liquidity Guarantees -- 7.3.3 Internal Liquidity Facilities -- References -- 8 Business Model Adaptation -- 8.1 Strategies for Risk Transfer -- 8.2 Strategies for Risk Avoidance and Compensation.

4.7 Fiscal Incentives -- 4.8 Subsidies -- 4.8.1 Subsidies in the Clean Energy Sector -- 4.8.2 Subsidy Reform -- 4.9 Priority Sector Lending -- 4.10 Obstacles and Opportunities for a Fast and Comprehensive Implementation-The Political Economy of Policy Implementation -- References -- 5 Direct and Indirect Investments in the Energy Sector -- 5.1 The Role of Public Finance -- 5.2 Traditional and Alternative Financial Instruments -- 5.2.1 Grants -- 5.2.2 Debt-Like Instruments -- 5.2.3 Equity-Like Investments -- 5.3 Special-Purpose Investment Vehicles -- 5.4 Alternative Financial Structures -- 5.4.1 Blended Finance -- 5.4.2 Crowdfunding Platforms -- 5.4.3 Structured Finance -- 5.4.4 Financial Structures for Large and Complex Energy Projects -- References -- 6 Capital Markets for the Financing of Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 6.1 Green Bonds -- 6.1.1 Other Financing Opportunities in the Bond Markets -- 6.2 A Price on Carbon: Carbon Pricing and Carbon Finance as Sources of Capital -- 6.2.1 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) -- 6.2.2 Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCMs) -- 6.2.3 Carbon Market Shortcomings -- 6.3 The Financial Sector and Capital Markets in Africa -- 6.3.1 The Development of Capital Markets -- 6.3.2 African Banking Systems -- References -- 7 Risk Mitigation Instruments Targeting Specific Investment Risks -- 7.1 Guarantee Instruments and Insurance -- 7.1.1 Guarantees Issued by Governments -- 7.1.2 Political Risk Guarantees and Insurance -- 7.1.3 Credit Risk Guarantees -- 7.2 Currency Risk Mitigation -- 7.3 Liquidity Risk Mitigation -- 7.3.1 Public External Liquidity Facilities -- 7.3.2 Liquidity Guarantees -- 7.3.3 Internal Liquidity Facilities -- References -- 8 Business Model Adaptation -- 8.1 Strategies for Risk Transfer -- 8.2 Strategies for Risk Avoidance and Compensation.

8.2.1 Customer Risk in the Off-Grid and Clean Cooking Sectors -- 8.2.2 Power Utilities and Low-Income Households -- 8.2.3 Political Risk -- 8.2.4 Strategic Partnerships -- 8.2.5 Operational Risk -- 8.2.6 Social Acceptance Risk -- 8.3 External Consulting -- References -- 9 The Role of Multilateral Agencies and Development Banks -- 9.1 Capacity Building, Technical Assistance and Advisory Services -- 9.1.1 Public Sector -- 9.1.2 Project Developers -- 9.1.3 Financial Institutions and Capital Providers -- 9.2 Direct Investments -- 9.3 Mobilisation Tools -- 9.4 Stakeholder Engagement and Management -- 9.5 Business Model Evolution -- References -- 10 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- 10.1 Creating an Enabling Investment and Business Environment -- 10.2 Improvement of Risk-Reward Profiles of Investment Opportunities -- 10.3 Deployment of Mechanisms Aimed at Catalysing Private Capital -- 11 Further Areas of Work -- 12 Annex -- 12.1 Annex 1: Definition of the Tiers of the Multitier Framework (MTF) Initiative -- 12.2 Annex 2: Population With Access to Electricity and Clean Cooking In African Countries -- 12.3 Annex 3: Risks Associated With Investment Opportunities and Stakeholders -- 12.4 Annex 4: De-risking Matrix -- 12.5 Annex 5: Carbon Tax and Emission Trading Systems (ETS) -- 12.6 Annex 6: MSCI Market Classification Framework and Requirements -- References.

001895858

express

(Au-PeEL)EBL6679205

(MiAaPQ)EBC6679205

(OCoLC)1261642210