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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021

1 online resource (639 pages)

ISBN 9783030639631 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030639624

Print version: Friedrich, Bretislav Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2021 ISBN 9783030639624

8 Walther Gerlach (1889-1979): Precision Physicist, Educator and Research Organizer, Historian of Science.

2.5 Experimental Demonstration of Momentum Transfer Upon Absorption or Emission of a Photon -- 2.6 The Experimental Verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Velocity Distribution via Deflection of a Molecular Beam by Gravity -- 3 Epilog -- References -- 6 Otto Stern-With Einstein in Prague and in Zurich -- 1 One Semester in Prague -- 2 Interacting with the Stars at ETH -- 3 The "Zero-Point Energy" Paper -- 4 The Habilitation Process -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Our Enduring Legacy from Otto Stern -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preface: A View of Otto Stern’s Legacy in 1988 -- 3 Portraying Our Enduring Legacy Today -- 4 The Nobel Prizes of Stern and Rabi -- 5 Links Connecting the AMO Nobel Laureates to Otto Stern -- 6 Otto Stern’s Heritage in Chemistry -- 7 Epigraph -- Appendix: A Summary of Links between the AMO Nobel Laureates and Stern/Rabi -- References ---

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 An Homage to Otto Stern -- 1 The Frankfurt Conference -- 2 Learning About Otto Stern and Molecular Beams -- 3 Meeting Otto Stern and Hearing Stories from Him -- 4 Fests with Otto Stern Present -- 5 Centennial of Otto Stern and Beyond -- 6 Epilogue -- Appendix: A Historical Puzzle -- Appendix: Lyrics of Cole Porter’s "Experiment" -- References -- 2 A Greeting from Hamburg to the Otto Stern Symposium -- Part I Historical Perspectives -- 3 My Uncle Otto Stern -- References -- 4 My Great Uncle -- 5 Otto Stern’s Molecular Beam Method and Its Impact on Quantum Physics -- 1 Prolog -- 2 Otto Stern’s Seminal Experiments -- 2.1 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment -- 2.2 The Three-Stage Stern-Gerlach Experiment -- 2.3 Experimental Evidence for de Broglie’s Matter Waves -- 2.4 Measurements of the Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Proton and the Deuteron ---

21 Quantum Effects in Cold and Controlled Molecular Dynamics -- 1 Introduction.

1 Introduction -- 2 Walther Gerlach’s Social Background, Upbringing, and Education -- 3 Precision Physics -- 3.1 Black-Body Radiation -- 3.2 Walther Gerlach and the Stern-Gerlach Experiment -- 3.3 Radiation Pressure -- 4 Gerlach’s Involvement in the Uranprojekt -- 5 Gerlach’s Work in the History of Science -- 6 In Conclusion -- References -- 9 100 Years Molecular Beam Method Reproduction of Otto Stern’s Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement -- 1 Otto Stern’s Historic Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement -- 2 Reproduction of Otto Stern’s Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement -- 2.1 Reconstruction of the Apparatus -- 2.2 The Trajectories -- 2.3 Measurement of the Rotation Frequency -- 2.4 Mean Free-Path and Quality of the Vacuum -- 2.5 Measurement of the Temperature of the Filament -- 2.6 The Improved Experimental Setup and the Decisive Measurement -- References -- 10 Wilhelm Heinrich Heraeus-Doctoral Student at the University Frankfurt -- Reference -- Part II Foundations of Quantum Physics and Precision Measurements -- 11 Quantum or Classical Perception of Atomic Motion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Particle or Wave or Particle Ensemble? -- 2 Interpretation of the Wavefunction -- 3 The Imaging Theorem -- 4 The Quantum to Classical Transition -- 4.1 Historical Context -- 4.2 Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Kennard. -- 4.3 Ehrenfest and Einstein -- 5 Consequences of the IT and the Ensemble Picture -- 5.1 The Schrodinger Cat -- 5.2 The ``Mott Problem’’ of Track Structure -- 5.3 Entanglement and Wavefunction Collapse -- 5.4 Quantum Interference -- 6 The Imaging Theorem and Decoherence Theory: IT and DT -- 6.1 Decoherence -- 6.2 Unitary Evolution -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Appendix -- References -- 12 The Precision Limits in a Single-Event Quantum Measurement of Electron Momentum and Position -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scheme of a Quantum Measurement.

2.1 Time Evolution of a Quantum Measurement -- 3 Electron Momentum (Velocity) Measurement by Time-of-Flight (TOF) Trajectory Imaging -- 3.1 The Experimental Scheme for Momentum (Velocity) Measurement -- 3.2 Momentum (Velocity) Measurement and Its Achievable Resolution for an Electron -- 4 Measurement of Angular Momentum of a Single Electron -- 5 Electron-Position Measurement and Achievable Resolution -- 6 Product of Precisions in Momentum and Precision in Position in a Real Measurement of a Freely Moving Single Electron -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Appendix D -- References -- 13 Precision Physics in Penning Traps Using the Continuous Stern-Gerlach Effect -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Penning-Trap Properties -- 3 Single Ion Detection by Induced Image Currents -- 4 The Masses of the Proton and Antiproton -- 5 The g-Factor of the Bound Electron -- 6 The Continuous Stern-Gerlach Effect -- 7 Measurement of g-Factors -- 8 The Electron Mass -- 9 What Comes Next? -- 10 Summary -- References -- 14 Stern-Gerlach Interferometry with the Atom Chip -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Particle Sources -- 3 The Atom Chip Stern-Gerlach Beam Splitter -- 4 Half-Loop Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- 5 Full-Loop Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- 6 Applications -- 6.1 Clock Interferometery -- 6.2 Clock Complementarity -- 6.3 Geometric Phase -- 6.4 T3 Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- 7 Outlook -- 7.1 SGI with Single Ions -- 7.2 SGI with Massive Objects -- References -- 15 Testing Fundamental Physics by Using Levitated Mechanical Systems -- 1 Introductory Remarks -- 2 Testing Quantum Mechanics with Collapse Models -- 2.1 Tests of Quantum Mechanics by Matter-Wave Interferometry -- 2.2 Non-interferometric Mechanical Tests of Quantum Mechanics -- 2.3 Concluding Remarks on Testing Quantum Mechanics in the Context of Collapse Models.

4.2 Electron-Electron Contributions in the Ionization Process of Ion-Atom Collisions -- 4.3 Momentum Spectroscopy in High-Energy Heavy Ion Atom Collisions -- 4.4 Single-Photon Ionization -- 4.5 Saddle Point Ionization Mechanism in Slow Ion-Atom Collisions -- 4.6 Visualization of Virtual Contributions to the He Ground State -- 5 Milestone Discoveries -- 5.1 Multi-photon Processes-Experimental Verification of Re-Scattering Mechanism -- 5.2 Single Photon Ionization of Molecules -- 5.3 Multi-fragment Vector Correlations in Inner Shell Single-Photon Ionization Processes of Atoms and Molecules-Dynamics of Entangled Systems -- 5.4 Single Photon Induced Interatomic Coulombic Decay -- 5.5 Core-Hole Localization -- 5.6 Efimov State of the He Trimer -- 5.7 Imaging of Structural Chirality -- 5.8 Spatial Imaging of the H2 Vibrational Wave Function ---

5.9 Visualization of Directional Quantization of Quasi-Molecular Orbitals in Slow Ion-Atom Collisions -- 5.10 Time-Resolving Studies Employing Coincidence Detection Techniques -- 5.11 Proposed Experiments in Neutrino Physics -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Part IV Cold and Controlled Molecules -- 19 STIRAP: A Historical Perspective and Some News -- 1 What Is STIRAP? -- 2 Background and Motivation -- 3 The Vision and the Challenge -- 4 An Intermediate Step: The Molecular Beam Laser -- 5 The Breakthrough -- 6 Some STIRAP Highlights that Followed -- 7 Final Remarks -- References -- 20 Manipulation and Control of Molecular Beams: The Development of the Stark-Decelerator -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Deflection and Focusing of Molecular Beams -- 3 Early Attempts to Decelerate or Accelerate Molecular Beams -- 4 Deceleration of CO (a3S) Molecules with Electric Fields -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References ---

1 Introduction -- 2 Walther Gerlach’s Social Background, Upbringing, and Education -- 3 Precision Physics -- 3.1 Black-Body Radiation -- 3.2 Walther Gerlach and the Stern-Gerlach Experiment -- 3.3 Radiation Pressure -- 4 Gerlach’s Involvement in the Uranprojekt -- 5 Gerlach’s Work in the History of Science -- 6 In Conclusion -- References -- 9 100 Years Molecular Beam Method Reproduction of Otto Stern’s Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement -- 1 Otto Stern’s Historic Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement -- 2 Reproduction of Otto Stern’s Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement -- 2.1 Reconstruction of the Apparatus -- 2.2 The Trajectories -- 2.3 Measurement of the Rotation Frequency -- 2.4 Mean Free-Path and Quality of the Vacuum -- 2.5 Measurement of the Temperature of the Filament -- 2.6 The Improved Experimental Setup and the Decisive Measurement -- References -- 10 Wilhelm Heinrich Heraeus-Doctoral Student at the University Frankfurt -- Reference -- Part II Foundations of Quantum Physics and Precision Measurements -- 11 Quantum or Classical Perception of Atomic Motion -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Particle or Wave or Particle Ensemble? -- 2 Interpretation of the Wavefunction -- 3 The Imaging Theorem -- 4 The Quantum to Classical Transition -- 4.1 Historical Context -- 4.2 Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Kennard. -- 4.3 Ehrenfest and Einstein -- 5 Consequences of the IT and the Ensemble Picture -- 5.1 The Schrodinger Cat -- 5.2 The ``Mott Problem’’ of Track Structure -- 5.3 Entanglement and Wavefunction Collapse -- 5.4 Quantum Interference -- 6 The Imaging Theorem and Decoherence Theory: IT and DT -- 6.1 Decoherence -- 6.2 Unitary Evolution -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Appendix -- References -- 12 The Precision Limits in a Single-Event Quantum Measurement of Electron Momentum and Position -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scheme of a Quantum Measurement.

2 Quantum Scattering Resonances in Cold Collisions.

2.1 Time Evolution of a Quantum Measurement -- 3 Electron Momentum (Velocity) Measurement by Time-of-Flight (TOF) Trajectory Imaging -- 3.1 The Experimental Scheme for Momentum (Velocity) Measurement -- 3.2 Momentum (Velocity) Measurement and Its Achievable Resolution for an Electron -- 4 Measurement of Angular Momentum of a Single Electron -- 5 Electron-Position Measurement and Achievable Resolution -- 6 Product of Precisions in Momentum and Precision in Position in a Real Measurement of a Freely Moving Single Electron -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- Appendix C -- Appendix D -- References -- 13 Precision Physics in Penning Traps Using the Continuous Stern-Gerlach Effect -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Penning-Trap Properties -- 3 Single Ion Detection by Induced Image Currents -- 4 The Masses of the Proton and Antiproton -- 5 The g-Factor of the Bound Electron -- 6 The Continuous Stern-Gerlach Effect -- 7 Measurement of g-Factors -- 8 The Electron Mass -- 9 What Comes Next? -- 10 Summary -- References -- 14 Stern-Gerlach Interferometry with the Atom Chip -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Particle Sources -- 3 The Atom Chip Stern-Gerlach Beam Splitter -- 4 Half-Loop Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- 5 Full-Loop Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- 6 Applications -- 6.1 Clock Interferometery -- 6.2 Clock Complementarity -- 6.3 Geometric Phase -- 6.4 T3 Stern-Gerlach Interferometer -- 7 Outlook -- 7.1 SGI with Single Ions -- 7.2 SGI with Massive Objects -- References -- 15 Testing Fundamental Physics by Using Levitated Mechanical Systems -- 1 Introductory Remarks -- 2 Testing Quantum Mechanics with Collapse Models -- 2.1 Tests of Quantum Mechanics by Matter-Wave Interferometry -- 2.2 Non-interferometric Mechanical Tests of Quantum Mechanics -- 2.3 Concluding Remarks on Testing Quantum Mechanics in the Context of Collapse Models.

3 Testing the Interplay Between Quantum Mechanics and Gravity -- 3.1 Proposals for Experimental Tests of the Schrodinger-Newton equation -- 3.2 Gravitational Decoherence Effects -- 3.3 The Gravity of a Quantum State-Revisited -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks on Testing the Interplay of Quantum Mechanics and Gravity in the Low Energy Regime -- 4 Simulation of the Stern Gerlach Experiment Using Wigner Functions -- References -- Part III Femto- and Atto-Science -- 16 Inducing Enantiosensitive Permanent Multipoles in Isotropic Samples with Two-Color Fields -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Exciting an Enantiosensitive Permanent Dipole -- 2.1 A Simple Picture of the Mechanism Leading to the Enantiosensitive Permanent Dipole -- 3 Exciting an Enantiosensitive Permanent Quadrupole -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Ultra-fast Dynamics in Quantum Systems Revealed by Particle Motion as Clock -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ultra-fast Chronometer Mechanisms Using Fast Moving Particles as Clock -- 2.1 Historic Life-Time Measurements with Nano- and Picosecond Precision -- 2.2 Quantum Beat Structures as Ultra-fast Chronometers -- 3 Experimental Examples of Quantum-Beat Measurements in Ion-Atom/Molecule Collisions -- 3.1 Quantum Beats in Quasi-molecular X-Ray Emission -- 3.2 Young-Type Interference Structures in Slow H2+ +He Collisions -- 3.3 A Proposal: Scheme of an Ion-Atom/Molecule Pump & -- Probe Technique Approaching 10 Zeptoseconds Time Resolution -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 18 High-Resolution Momentum Imaging-From Stern’s Molecular Beam Method to the COLTRIMS Reaction Microscope -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Stern’s Molecular Beam Method: The Technological Milestones -- 3 The C-REMI Approach -- 3.1 The Development of C-REMI Components -- 4 The Early Benchmark Results -- 4.1 Q-Value Measurements.

4.2 Electron-Electron Contributions in the Ionization Process of Ion-Atom Collisions -- 4.3 Momentum Spectroscopy in High-Energy Heavy Ion Atom Collisions -- 4.4 Single-Photon Ionization -- 4.5 Saddle Point Ionization Mechanism in Slow Ion-Atom Collisions -- 4.6 Visualization of Virtual Contributions to the He Ground State -- 5 Milestone Discoveries -- 5.1 Multi-photon Processes-Experimental Verification of Re-Scattering Mechanism -- 5.2 Single Photon Ionization of Molecules -- 5.3 Multi-fragment Vector Correlations in Inner Shell Single-Photon Ionization Processes of Atoms and Molecules-Dynamics of Entangled Systems -- 5.4 Single Photon Induced Interatomic Coulombic Decay -- 5.5 Core-Hole Localization -- 5.6 Efimov State of the He Trimer -- 5.7 Imaging of Structural Chirality -- 5.8 Spatial Imaging of the H2 Vibrational Wave Function ---

001895893

express

(Au-PeEL)EBL6698484

(MiAaPQ)EBC6698484

(OCoLC)1258124617