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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021

1 online resource (364 pages)

ISBN 9783030786274 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030786267

Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management Ser.

Print version: Bank, Michael S. Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2021 ISBN 9783030786267

3.2.1 Chemical and Physical Character of MP.

2.4.2 Chemical and Enzymatic Digestion -- 2.4.3 Physical Separation of Plastics from the Matrix: Filtration and Sieving -- 2.4.4 Density and Other Physical Separation -- 2.4.5 Solvent Extraction -- 2.5 Microplastic Detection and Instrumentation -- 2.5.1 Visual Identification -- 2.5.2 Dyes and Fluorescence Microscopy -- 2.5.3 Electron Microscopy (EM) -- 2.5.4 Chromatography -- 2.5.5 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy -- 2.5.6 Raman Spectroscopy -- 2.5.7 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) -- 2.5.8 Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 2.5.9 Thermal Analysis Techniques -- 2.5.10 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 2.6 Microparticle Classes of Emerging Concern -- 2.6.1 Surface Coatings/Paints -- 2.6.2 Tire Particles -- 2.7 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Evaluating Microplastic Experimental Design and Exposure Studies in Aquatic Organisms -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 MP Parameters ---

3.2.1 Chemical and Physical Character of MP.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Microplastics on the Rise -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: The Microplastic Cycle: An Introduction to a Complex Issue -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fluxes of Microplastics Across Ecosystem Compartments -- 1.3 Microplastic and Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 1.4 Microplastic and Freshwater Ecosystems -- 1.5 Microplastic and Marine Ecosystems -- 1.6 Microplastic and the Atmosphere -- 1.7 Microplastic in Biota -- 1.8 Microplastics and Public Policy -- 1.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Analytical Chemistry of Plastic Debris: Sampling, Methods, and Instrumentation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 About the Analytes -- 2.3 Sampling -- 2.3.1 Aqueous Matrices -- 2.3.2 Air Samples -- 2.3.3 Sediments, Soils, and Dust -- 2.3.4 Biological Samples -- 2.3.5 Sample Preservation -- 2.4 Laboratory Processing -- 2.4.1 Sample Preparation ---

4.3.2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Effluents -- 4.4 Microplastics in Freshwater Systems -- 4.4.1 Microplastics in Rivers -- 4.4.2 Microplastics in Lakes -- 4.4.3 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Organisms -- 4.5 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 4.6 Microplastics: Where Do They End Up? -- 4.6.1 Export to the Marine Environment -- 4.6.2 Microplastic Sinks in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments -- 4.7 Future Research Agendas -- References -- Chapter 5: Marine Microplastics and Seafood: Implications for Food Security -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems. -- 5.3 Microplastic in Bivalves -- 5.4 Microplastics in Echinoderms -- 5.5 Microplastics in Gastropods -- 5.6 Microplastics in Cephalopods -- 5.7 Microplastics in Crustaceans -- 5.8 Microplastics in Finfish ---

6.3.3 Weight of Evidence from In Vitro Studies -- 6.3.4 Weight of Evidence from Modelling Studies -- 6.4 Risk Assessment of Plastic-Associated Chemicals: A Case Study Illustrating the Relevance of the MP Vector Effect for Risks of Plastic-Associated Chemicals in San Diego Bay -- 6.5 Mitigation of Microplastic and Plastic-Associated Chemicals -- 6.6 General Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods Used for Review Process -- 7.2.1 Overall Review Process -- 7.2.2 Extraction and Compilation of Data -- 7.2.3 Evaluation and Scoring of Data Quality -- 7.2.4 Treatment of Extracted Data -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 General Overview of Information Extracted from Reviewed Publications ---

8.3 Desorption of Environmental Pollutants from Microplastics -- 8.3.1 Leaching of Additives from Microplastics -- 8.4 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Foods -- 8.4.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products -- 8.4.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Salt -- 8.4.3 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Water -- 8.5 Risk Profiling of Microplastics in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products -- 8.5.1 Microplastics Dietary Intake -- 8.5.2 Microplastics Uptake and Toxicity -- 8.5.3 Case Study: Exposure Assessment of Microplastic Additives and Associated Sorbed Contaminants via Shellfish Consumption -- 8.5.4 Limitations for Food Safety Risk Assessment -- 8.6 Research Gaps -- 8.7 Conclusions -- 8.8 Glossary -- 8.8.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Definition -- 8.8.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Composition ---

3.2.2 Primary vs. Weathered MP -- 3.2.3 Microplastic Co-contaminants -- 3.2.4 Application of Labelled Microplastics in Experimental Exposure Studies -- 3.3 How to Design a Meaningful Experimental Exposure Study? -- 3.3.1 Mode of Exposure -- 3.3.2 Concentration of MP for Exposure Studies -- 3.3.3 Surfactants -- 3.3.4 Duration of Exposure -- 3.4 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments -- 4.2.1 Agriculture -- 4.2.2 Urban Environments -- 4.2.2.1 Roads -- 4.2.3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Terrestrial Organisms -- 4.3 Pathways to Freshwater Environments -- 4.3.1 Transfers from Agricultural Environments -- 4.3.2 Transfers from Urban Environments -- 4.3.2.1 Littering and Leaching of Plastic Waste -- 4.3.2.2 Urban Drainage -- 4.3.2.3 Road Runoff ---

7.3.2.2 Cnidaria -- 7.3.2.3 Nematoda -- 7.3.2.4 Rotifera -- 7.3.2.5 Arthropoda -- 7.3.2.6 Annelida -- 7.3.2.7 Mollusca -- 7.3.2.8 Echinodermata -- 7.3.2.9 Chordata: Fish -- 7.3.3 Species Sensitivity Distributions -- 7.3.4 Direct and Indirect Effects at the Ecosystem/Community Level -- 7.3.5 Interaction of Plastic Particles with Chemicals -- 7.4 Challenges and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Dietary Exposure to Additives and Sorbed Contaminants from Ingested Microplastic Particles Through the Consumption of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sorption of Environmental Contaminants by Microplastics -- 8.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 8.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- 8.2.3 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) -- 8.2.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) -- 8.2.5 Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) ---

4.3.2.4 Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Effluents -- 4.4 Microplastics in Freshwater Systems -- 4.4.1 Microplastics in Rivers -- 4.4.2 Microplastics in Lakes -- 4.4.3 Occurrence of Microplastic in Freshwater Organisms -- 4.5 Microplastics in the Atmosphere -- 4.6 Microplastics: Where Do They End Up? -- 4.6.1 Export to the Marine Environment -- 4.6.2 Microplastic Sinks in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments -- 4.7 Future Research Agendas -- References -- Chapter 5: Marine Microplastics and Seafood: Implications for Food Security -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fate and Transport of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems. -- 5.3 Microplastic in Bivalves -- 5.4 Microplastics in Echinoderms -- 5.5 Microplastics in Gastropods -- 5.6 Microplastics in Cephalopods -- 5.7 Microplastics in Crustaceans -- 5.8 Microplastics in Finfish ---

5.9 Co-contaminants Associated with Microplastics in Seafood -- 5.10 Microplastic Uptake and Toxicity in Humans.

6.3.3 Weight of Evidence from In Vitro Studies -- 6.3.4 Weight of Evidence from Modelling Studies -- 6.4 Risk Assessment of Plastic-Associated Chemicals: A Case Study Illustrating the Relevance of the MP Vector Effect for Risks of Plastic-Associated Chemicals in San Diego Bay -- 6.5 Mitigation of Microplastic and Plastic-Associated Chemicals -- 6.6 General Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Ecotoxicological Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods Used for Review Process -- 7.2.1 Overall Review Process -- 7.2.2 Extraction and Compilation of Data -- 7.2.3 Evaluation and Scoring of Data Quality -- 7.2.4 Treatment of Extracted Data -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 General Overview of Information Extracted from Reviewed Publications ---

7.3.1.1 Polymer Type, Morphology, Surface and Size -- 7.3.1.2 Experimental Conditions -- 7.3.1.3 Organisms Used in Ecotoxicological Studies -- 7.3.1.4 Levels of Biological Organization -- 7.3.2 Ecotoxicological Effects -- 7.3.2.1 Phytoplankton.

8.3 Desorption of Environmental Pollutants from Microplastics -- 8.3.1 Leaching of Additives from Microplastics -- 8.4 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Foods -- 8.4.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products -- 8.4.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Salt -- 8.4.3 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Occurrence in Water -- 8.5 Risk Profiling of Microplastics in Fisheries and Aquaculture Products -- 8.5.1 Microplastics Dietary Intake -- 8.5.2 Microplastics Uptake and Toxicity -- 8.5.3 Case Study: Exposure Assessment of Microplastic Additives and Associated Sorbed Contaminants via Shellfish Consumption -- 8.5.4 Limitations for Food Safety Risk Assessment -- 8.6 Research Gaps -- 8.7 Conclusions -- 8.8 Glossary -- 8.8.1 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Definition -- 8.8.2 Microplastics and Nanoplastics Composition ---

8.8.2.1 Monomers and Polymers -- 8.8.2.2 Flame Retardants -- 8.8.2.3 Plasticizers -- 8.8.2.4 Antioxidants and Stabilizers.

3.2.2 Primary vs. Weathered MP -- 3.2.3 Microplastic Co-contaminants -- 3.2.4 Application of Labelled Microplastics in Experimental Exposure Studies -- 3.3 How to Design a Meaningful Experimental Exposure Study? -- 3.3.1 Mode of Exposure -- 3.3.2 Concentration of MP for Exposure Studies -- 3.3.3 Surfactants -- 3.3.4 Duration of Exposure -- 3.4 Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4: Microplastics in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Microplastics in Terrestrial Environments -- 4.2.1 Agriculture -- 4.2.2 Urban Environments -- 4.2.2.1 Roads -- 4.2.3 Occurrence of Microplastics in Terrestrial Organisms -- 4.3 Pathways to Freshwater Environments -- 4.3.1 Transfers from Agricultural Environments -- 4.3.2 Transfers from Urban Environments -- 4.3.2.1 Littering and Leaching of Plastic Waste -- 4.3.2.2 Urban Drainage -- 4.3.2.3 Road Runoff ---

5.11 Consequences of Microplastics in Marine Animals -- 5.12 Challenges and Priorities in Marine Microplastic Research -- 5.13 Future Recommendations and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Weight of Evidence for the Microplastic Vector Effect in the Context of Chemical Risk Assessment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Guidance for Microplastic Vector Studies in the Context of Chemical Risk Assessment -- 6.2.1 Criteria for In Vivo Laboratory Studies -- 6.2.2 Criteria for Field Studies -- 6.2.3 Criteria for In Vitro Studies -- 6.2.4 Criteria for Model Scenario Studies -- 6.3 Weight of Evidence Supporting the Microplastic Vector Hypothesis in the Context of Chemical Risk -- 6.3.1 Weight of Evidence from In Vivo Laboratory Studies -- 6.3.2 Weight of Evidence from Field Studies ---

7.3.2.2 Cnidaria -- 7.3.2.3 Nematoda -- 7.3.2.4 Rotifera -- 7.3.2.5 Arthropoda -- 7.3.2.6 Annelida -- 7.3.2.7 Mollusca -- 7.3.2.8 Echinodermata -- 7.3.2.9 Chordata: Fish -- 7.3.3 Species Sensitivity Distributions -- 7.3.4 Direct and Indirect Effects at the Ecosystem/Community Level -- 7.3.5 Interaction of Plastic Particles with Chemicals -- 7.4 Challenges and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Dietary Exposure to Additives and Sorbed Contaminants from Ingested Microplastic Particles Through the Consumption of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sorption of Environmental Contaminants by Microplastics -- 8.2.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) -- 8.2.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) -- 8.2.3 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) -- 8.2.4 Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) -- 8.2.5 Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) ---

References -- Chapter 9: The Microplastic-Antibiotic Resistance Connection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Plastisphere Concept -- 9.3 Antibiotic Resistance -- 9.4 Microplastics and Antibiotic Resistance -- 9.5 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 10: The United Nations Basel Convention’s Global Plastic Waste Partnership: History, Evolution and Progress -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Evolution of the Basel Convention -- 10.3 Basel Tackles Plastic Waste -- 10.4 The Plastic Waste Amendments -- 10.5 The Plastic Waste Partnership -- 10.6 Looking Ahead -- References -- Chapter 11: Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem -- 11.1 Premises and Aims -- 11.2 Plastic Pollution as Wicked Problem -- 11.3 Problem Formulations: Consensus or Dispute? -- 11.4 What Are We Trying to Solve? -- 11.5 Solving the Waste Problem -- 11.6 Solving the Resource Problem -- 11.7 Solving the Economic Problem -- 11.8 Solving the Societal Problem -- 11.9 Solving the Systemic Problem -- 11.10 The Four Scales of Solutions -- 11.11 How to Solve the Wicked Problem of Plastic Pollution? -- References -- Index.

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