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Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021

1 online resource (559 pages)

ISBN 9789811629044 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9789811629037

Natural Disaster Science and Mitigation Engineering: DPRI Reports

Print version: Sumi, Tetsuya Wadi Flash Floods Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2021 ISBN 9789811629037

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Summary -- Reviewers List -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Wadi Flash Flood Challenges and Strategies -- 1 Integrated Strategies for the Management of Wadi Flash Floods in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Arid Zones: The ISFF Project -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 ISFF Project -- 1.3 Extreme WFF Events and Disasters in Wadi Systems in the MENA Region -- 1.4 Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Wadi Flash Flood Events -- 1.5 Rainstorms and Tropical Cyclones from the Indian Ocean -- 1.6 Impacts of Extreme Event Occurrences on Management -- 1.7 Hydrological Measurements of Wadi Systems and Flash Flood Forecasting -- 1.8 Image-Based Techniques -- 1.9 Risk Assessment Methods -- 1.10 Wadi Hydrological Modelling and Approaches -- 1.11 Utilized Hydrological Models in Arid Areas -- 1.12 Surface Runoff Interaction with Groundwater -- 1.13 Mitigation Measures Against Wadi Flash Floods -- 1.14 Structural Measures -- 1.15 Non-structural Measures -- 1.16 Preparedness and Emergency Planning -- 1.17 Education and Modification of Human Actions -- 1.18 Integrated Wadi Flash Flood Management and Strategies -- 1.19 Recommendations and Feedback from ISFF Participants -- 1.20 Research Challenges -- 1.21 Methods -- 1.22 Mitigation Measures -- 1.23 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Flood Risk Management Practices in Morocco: Facts and Challenges -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Overview of Flood Events in Morocco -- 2.2.1 Flood Events Historical Data -- 2.2.2 Flood Types Description -- 2.2.3 Climate Change and Extreme Rainfall Trends -- 2.2.4 Hydrological Impact of Climate Change -- 2.3 Flood Risk Management Framework -- 2.3.1 Management Approach -- 2.3.2 Institutional, Legal, and Policy Frameworks -- 2.4 Technical Aspects of Flood Risk Assessment Methods -- 2.4.1 The PNI Assessment Method.

11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Flood Causes, Classifications, and Types -- 11.1.2 Urbanization and Flood Risk (FR) Impact -- 11.1.3 Flood Risk Management (FRM) -- 11.2 Mitigation Measures for Flood Risk Reduction -- 11.2.1 Shortcomings of Structural and Nonstructural Mitigation Measures -- 11.2.2 Nonstructural Mitigation Measures -- 11.2.3 Urban Planning and Landscape Tools for Flood Risk Reduction -- 11.2.3.1 Land Use Control and Flood Zoning -- 11.2.3.2 Flood Proofing and Elevating Buildings -- 11.2.3.3 Creation of Regulations and Enforcement Procedures -- 11.2.3.4 Sustainable Infrastructure for Stormwater Management -- Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Low Impact Development (LID) -- Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) -- Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) -- Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) -- 11.2.3.5 Sustainable Infrastructure Tools for Stormwater Management -- Recharge Infiltration Tools -- Detention Tools -- Retention Tools -- 11.3 Implementation of Specific Urban Water Management in Arid and Semiarid Regions -- 11.3.1 Sponge City-China -- 11.3.2 Recharge Infiltration-Egypt -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Measuring Vulnerability to Flash Flood of Urban Dwellers -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Flash Floods in Bangladesh -- 12.3 Methods and Materials -- 12.3.1 Study Area -- 12.3.2 Climatic Conditions -- 12.3.3 Frequency of Devastating Floods -- 12.3.4 Topography and Geological Conditions -- 12.3.5 Data Collection and Analysis -- 12.3.6 Sampling Design -- 12.3.7 Determination of Sample Size -- 12.3.8 Methods for Vulnerability Mapping -- 12.4 Results -- 12.4.1 Measuring Social Vulnerability -- 12.4.1.1 Education and Occupation -- 12.4.1.2 Gender -- 12.4.1.3 Age Structure -- 12.4.1.4 Existence of Disable Persons -- 12.4.1.5 Preparation -- 12.4.1.6 Social Network -- 12.4.2 Measuring Economic Vulnerability.

2.4.2 The PDAIRE Method -- 2.4.3 The MnhPRA Assessment Method -- 2.4.4 The OECD Approach -- 2.5 Flood Control Practices -- 2.5.1 Dams for Flood Control -- 2.5.2 Other Structural Measures -- 2.5.3 Flood Warning Systems for Flood Prevention -- 2.5.4 Other Non-structural Measures -- 2.6 Swot Analysis and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Flood Analysis and Mitigation Strategies in Algeria -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Reviewed Studies on Floods -- 3.3 Flood Inventory in Algeria -- 3.4 Notable Flash Floods in Algeria -- 3.4.1 Bab El Oued Flash Flood (Urban Flash Flood) -- 3.4.2 Wadi M’zab Flash Flood (UNESCO World Heritage Site) -- 3.5 Monitoring and Data Availability in Algeria -- 3.6 Forecasting and Early Warning Systems -- 3.7 Urbanization and the Increase in Vulnerability -- 3.8 Floods and Climate Change -- 3.9 Integrated Flood Risk Management Strategy in Algeria -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Hydrometeorology and Climate Changes -- 4 Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Temperature and Precipitation Over India -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The d4PDF and Analysis Procedures -- 4.3 Validation of d4PDF Data Over India -- 4.4 Climate Change Over India Under Global Warming -- 4.4.1 Projected Changes in Temperature Distribution -- 4.4.2 Projected Changes in Precipitation Distribution -- 4.4.3 Projected Changes in Extreme Events -- 4.4.4 Projected Changes in Other Climatic Variables -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Declarations -- References -- 5 Analysis of the Hydrological Behavior of Watersheds in the Context of Climate Change (Northwestern Algeria) -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods and Materials -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Data Description -- 5.2.3 Methodological Approach to Structural Break Detection -- 5.2.3.1 Analysis of Variability of Meteorological Observations.

8 Hydrologic Assessment of the Uncertainty of Six Remote Sensing Precipitation Estimates Driven by a Distributed Hydrologic Model in the Blue Nile Basin -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 In Situ Precipitation and Discharge Datasets -- 8.2.3 Remote Sensing Precipitation Estimation Products -- 8.2.3.1 TRMM Products -- 8.2.3.2 CMORPH Product -- 8.2.3.3 PERSIANN Products -- 8.2.3.4 GPCP-1DD Product -- 8.2.4 Hydro-BEAM Model -- 8.2.4.1 Parameters and Calibration -- 8.2.5 Statistical Metrics for the Performance Evaluation -- 8.2.5.1 Continuous Statistical Metrics -- 8.2.5.2 Categorical Statistical Metrics -- 8.2.5.3 Statistical Evaluation of the Hydrological Model -- 8.3 Results and Discussions -- 8.3.1 Comparison and Assessment of PESPs -- 8.3.2 Comparison and Hydrologic Evaluations of Streamflow -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Innovative Monitoring Techniques for Wadi Flash Flood by Using Image-Based Analysis -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Conventional Monitoring Techniques and Methods in Wadi Systems -- 9.2 Image-Based Techniques -- 9.2.1 Estimation of Peak Discharge Using the Slope-Area Method and Image Processing -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Study Area and Data Collection -- 9.3.2 Image Preprocessing -- 9.3.3 Computation of Surface Flow Velocities by LSPIV -- 9.3.4 Calculation of Discharge -- 9.4 Results -- 9.4.1 LSPIV Velocity Result -- 9.4.2 LSPIV Discharge Result -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 A Temporally Varied Rainfall Simulator for Flash Flood Studies -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Material and Methods -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Disaster Risk Reduction and Mitigation -- 11 The Role of Urban Planning and Landscape Tools Concerning Flash Flood Risk Reduction Within Arid and Semiarid Regions -- Abstract.

12.4.2.1 Income.

2.4.2 The PDAIRE Method -- 2.4.3 The MnhPRA Assessment Method -- 2.4.4 The OECD Approach -- 2.5 Flood Control Practices -- 2.5.1 Dams for Flood Control -- 2.5.2 Other Structural Measures -- 2.5.3 Flood Warning Systems for Flood Prevention -- 2.5.4 Other Non-structural Measures -- 2.6 Swot Analysis and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Flood Analysis and Mitigation Strategies in Algeria -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Reviewed Studies on Floods -- 3.3 Flood Inventory in Algeria -- 3.4 Notable Flash Floods in Algeria -- 3.4.1 Bab El Oued Flash Flood (Urban Flash Flood) -- 3.4.2 Wadi M’zab Flash Flood (UNESCO World Heritage Site) -- 3.5 Monitoring and Data Availability in Algeria -- 3.6 Forecasting and Early Warning Systems -- 3.7 Urbanization and the Increase in Vulnerability -- 3.8 Floods and Climate Change -- 3.9 Integrated Flood Risk Management Strategy in Algeria -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Hydrometeorology and Climate Changes -- 4 Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Temperature and Precipitation Over India -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The d4PDF and Analysis Procedures -- 4.3 Validation of d4PDF Data Over India -- 4.4 Climate Change Over India Under Global Warming -- 4.4.1 Projected Changes in Temperature Distribution -- 4.4.2 Projected Changes in Precipitation Distribution -- 4.4.3 Projected Changes in Extreme Events -- 4.4.4 Projected Changes in Other Climatic Variables -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Declarations -- References -- 5 Analysis of the Hydrological Behavior of Watersheds in the Context of Climate Change (Northwestern Algeria) -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods and Materials -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Data Description -- 5.2.3 Methodological Approach to Structural Break Detection -- 5.2.3.1 Analysis of Variability of Meteorological Observations.

5.2.3.2 Hydrological Modeling and Rainfall-Runoff Relation -- 5.2.3.3 Description of the GR2M Model -- 5.2.3.4 Mathematical Criterion for Optimizing the Model (Nash-Sutcliffe Criterion) -- 5.2.3.5 Evaluation of the Robustness of the GR2M Model -- 5.2.3.6 Cross-Simulation Approach: Trend Analysis of the Rainfall-Runoff Relation -- 5.3 Results and Discussions -- 5.3.1 Results -- 5.3.1.1 Detection of Breaks in the Rainfall Time Series -- 5.3.1.2 Detection of Breakpoints in the Runoff Time Series -- 5.3.1.3 Study of Interannual Rainfall Variability -- 5.3.1.4 Study of Interannual Hydrometric Variability -- 5.3.1.5 Evaluation of the GR2M Model Applied to the Four Basins -- 5.3.1.6 Study of the Trend of the Rainfall-Runoff Relation -- 5.3.2 Discussions -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Rainfall-Runoff Modeling and Approaches -- 6 Validation of Flash Flood Simulations Using Satellite Images and Community-Based Observations-Impact of Infiltration and Small-Scale Topographical Features -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods and Materials -- 6.2.1 Shallow Water Flow Model -- 6.2.2 Infiltration -- 6.2.3 Study Area -- 6.2.4 Data for Validation of Results -- 6.2.4.1 Landsat 8 Images -- 6.2.4.2 Pictures -- 6.2.4.3 Statements -- 6.3 Model Setup -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Simulated Flow Field Without Infiltration -- 6.4.2 Infiltration -- 6.4.3 Correction of DSM -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Advanced Tools for Flood Management: An Early Warning System for Arid and Semiarid Regions -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Tool Set for an Urban Area -- 7.3 Flood Early Warning System in Action -- 7.4 Wadi Flows and Hydrometric Network Development in Oman -- 7.5 The Oman Flash Flood Guidance System -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References.

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