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EB

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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2021

1 online resource (286 pages)

ISBN 9783030821678 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030821661

Astronomy and Astrophysics Library

Print version: Koskinen, Hannu E. J. Physics of Earth’s Radiation Belts Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2021 ISBN 9783030821661

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- On the Style and Content of the Book -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Radiation Belts and Their Environment -- 1.1 The Overall View to the Belts -- 1.2 Earth’s Magnetic Environment -- 1.2.1 The Dipole Field -- 1.2.2 Deviations from the Dipole Field due to Magnetospheric Current Systems -- 1.2.3 Geomagnetic Activity Indices -- 1.3 Magnetospheric Particles and Plasmas -- 1.3.1 Outer Magnetosphere -- 1.3.2 Inner Magnetosphere -- 1.3.3 Cosmic Rays -- 1.4 Magnetospheric Dynamics -- 1.4.1 Magnetospheric Convection -- 1.4.2 Geomagnetic Storms -- 1.4.3 Substorms -- 2 Charged Particles in Near-Earth Space -- 2.1 Guiding Center Approximation -- 2.2 Drift Motion -- 2.2.1 EB Drift -- 2.2.2 Gradient and Curvature Drifts -- 2.3 Drifts in the Magnetospheric Electric Field -- 2.4 Adiabatic Invariants -- 2.4.1 The First Adiabatic Invariant -- Magnetic Mirror and Magnetic Bottle -- 2.4.2 The Second Adiabatic Invariant -- 2.4.3 The Third Adiabatic Invariant -- 2.4.4 Betatron and Fermi Acceleration -- 2.5 Charged Particles in the Dipole Field -- 2.6 Drift Shells -- 2.6.1 Bounce and Drift Loss Cones -- 2.6.2 Drift Shell Splitting and Magnetopause Shadowing -- 2.7 Adiabatic Drift Motion in Time-Dependent Nearly-Dipolar Field -- 3 From Charged Particles to Plasma Physics -- 3.1 Basic Plasma Concepts -- 3.1.1 Debye Shielding -- 3.1.2 Plasma Oscillation -- 3.2 Basic Plasma Theories -- 3.2.1 Vlasov and Boltzmann Equations -- 3.2.2 Macroscopic Variables and Equations -- 3.2.3 Equations of Magnetohydrodynamics -- 3.3 From Particle Flux to Phase Space Density -- 3.4 Important Distribution Functions -- 3.4.1 Drifting and Anisotropic Maxwellian Distributions -- 3.4.2 Loss Cone and Butterfly Distributions -- 3.4.3 Kappa Distribution -- 3.5 Action Integrals and Phase Space Density.

4 Plasma Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere -- 4.1 Wave Environment of Radiation Belts -- 4.2 Waves in Vlasov Description -- 4.2.1 Landau’s Solution of the Vlasov Equation -- 4.2.2 Landau Damping of the Langmuir Wave -- 4.2.3 Physical Interpretation of Landau Damping -- 4.2.4 Solution of the Vlasov Equation in Magnetized Plasma -- Parallel Propagation -- Perpendicular Propagation -- Propagation to Arbitrary Directions -- 4.3 Cold Plasma Waves -- 4.3.1 Dispersion Equation for Cold Plasma Waves in Magnetized Plasma -- 4.3.2 Parallel Propagation (k= 0) -- Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Wave -- Whistler Mode -- 4.3.3 Perpendicular Propagation (k= s/2) -- 4.3.4 Propagation at Arbitrary Wave Normal Angles -- 4.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Waves -- 4.4.1 Dispersion Equation for Alfven Waves -- Parallel Propagation -- Perpendicular Propagation -- Propagation at Oblique Angles -- 4.4.2 MHD Pc4-Pc5 ULF Waves -- 4.5 Summary of Wave Modes -- 5 Drivers and Properties of Waves in the Inner Magnetosphere -- 5.1 Growth and Damping of Waves -- 5.1.1 Macroscopic Instabilities -- 5.1.2 Velocity-Space Instabilities -- 5.1.3 Resonant Wave-Particle Interactions -- 5.2 Drivers of Whistler-Mode and EMIC Waves -- 5.2.1 Anisotropy-Driven Whistler Mode Waves -- 5.2.2 Whistler-Mode Chorus -- 5.2.3 Two-Band Structure of the Chorus -- 5.2.4 Formation and Nonlinear Growth of the Chirps -- 5.2.5 Spatial Distribution of Chorus Waves -- 5.2.6 Anisotropy-Driven EMIC Waves -- 5.2.7 Multiple-Ion Species and EMIC Waves -- 5.3 Plasmaspheric Hiss and Magnetosonic Noise -- 5.3.1 Driving of Plasmaspheric Hiss -- 5.3.2 Equatorial Magnetosonic Noise -- 5.4 Drivers of ULF Pc4-Pc5 Waves -- 5.4.1 External and Internal Drivers -- 5.4.2 Spatial Distribution of ULF Waves -- 6 Particle Source and Loss Processes -- 6.1 Particle Scattering and Diffusion -- 6.2 Quasi-Linear Theory of Wave-Particle Interactions.

B Satellites and Data Sources -- References -- Index.

6.2.1 Elements of Fokker-Planck Theory -- 6.2.2 Vlasov Equation in Quasi-Linear Theory -- Diffusion Equation in Electrostatic Approximation -- Diffusion Equation for Magnetized Plasma -- 6.2.3 Diffusion Equation in Different Coordinates -- 6.3 Ring Current and Radiation Belt Ions -- 6.3.1 Sources of Ring Current Ions -- 6.3.2 Loss of Ring Current Ions -- 6.3.3 Sources and Losses of Radiation Belt Ions -- 6.4 Transport and Acceleration of Electrons -- 6.4.1 Radial Diffusion by ULF Waves -- 6.4.2 Electron Acceleration by ULF Waves -- 6.4.3 Diffusion Coefficients in the (a,p)-Space -- 6.4.4 Diffusion due to Large-Amplitude Whistler-Mode and EMIC Waves -- 6.4.5 Acceleration by Whistler-Mode Chorus Waves -- 6.5 Electron Losses -- 6.5.1 Magnetopause Shadowing -- 6.5.2 Losses Caused by Whistler-Mode Waves in Plasmasphere -- 6.5.3 Losses due to Chorus Waves and Electron Microbursts -- 6.5.4 Losses Caused by EMIC Waves -- 6.6 Different Acceleration and Loss Processes Displayed in Phase Space Density -- 6.7 Synergistic Effects of Different Wave Modes -- 6.8 Summary of Wave-Driven Sources and Losses -- 7 Dynamics of the Electron Belts -- 7.1 Radiation Belt Electron Populations -- 7.2 Nominal Electron Belt Structure and Dynamics -- 7.3 Solar Wind Drivers of Radiation Belt Dynamics -- 7.3.1 Properties of Large-Scale Heliospheric Structures and Their Geomagnetic Response -- 7.3.2 Typical Radiation Belt Responses to Large-Scale Heliospheric Transients -- 7.4 The Slot Between the Electron Belts -- 7.4.1 Injections of Source and Seed Electrons into the Slot -- 7.4.2 Impenetrable Barrier -- 7.5 Storage Ring and Multiple Electron Belts -- 7.6 Energetic Electron Precipitation to Atmosphere -- A Electromagnetic Fields and Waves -- A.1 Lorentz Force and Maxwell Equations -- A.2 Electromagnetic Waves in Linear Media -- A.3 Dispersion Equation in Cold Non-magnetized Plasma.

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