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Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021

1 online resource (359 pages)

ISBN 9789811625244 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9789811625237

Print version: Institute of Climate Change and Sustainable Development of Tsinghua University et al., Institute of China’s Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategies and Pathways Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2021 ISBN 9789811625237

2.3.2 Economic Growth and Changes in Industrial Structure -- 2.3.3 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions -- References -- 3 End-Use Energy Consumption & -- CO2 Emissions -- 3.1 Industrial Sector.

1.3.2 Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization and New Development Philosophies for the New Era -- 1.4 Research Objectives and Overall Structure -- 1.4.1 Context and Objectives -- 1.4.2 Research Framework and Scenarios -- 1.4.3 Overall Structure -- References -- 2 The State and Trend of China’s Low-Carbon Development -- 2.1 New Paradigm of Global Response to Climate Change Under the Paris Agreement -- 2.2 The State and Outlook of China’s Domestic Low-Carbon Transition -- 2.2.1 The New Situation of China’s Low-Carbon Transition -- 2.2.2 Scenario Analysis of Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction During the 14th FYP Period -- 2.2.3 Challenges and Arduous Tasks Facing China for Rapid Low-Carbon Transition -- 2.3 China’s Long-Term Economic and Social Development Prospects -- 2.3.1 Population and Urbanization Rate ---

2.3.2 Economic Growth and Changes in Industrial Structure -- 2.3.3 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions -- References -- 3 End-Use Energy Consumption & -- CO2 Emissions -- 3.1 Industrial Sector.

Intro -- List of the Research Projects of China’s Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategies and Pathways -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Units of Measure -- Abbreviations -- Units of Measure -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global Climate Change Impact and Response -- 1.1.1 The Global Impact of Climate Change -- 1.1.2 The Impact of Climate Change on China -- 1.2 Theoretical Framework -- 1.2.1 Climate Change and Sustainable Development -- 1.2.2 Promote the Coordinated Governance of Climate, Energy and Environment -- 1.2.3 Pathways and Technology Options to Mitigating Climate Change -- 1.2.4 Nature-Based Solutions -- 1.3 China’s Policies on Low-Carbon Transition -- 1.3.1 Green Development and the Construction of Ecological Civilization ---

10.2.10 Promote Global Climate Governance and International Cooperation, and Advance the Construction of Global Ecological Civilization and a Community with a Shared Future for Humankind -- References -- 11 Global Climate Governance and International Cooperation -- 11.1 The History of Global Climate Governance -- 11.2 Several Core and Focal Issues in Global Climate Governance -- 11.2.1 The Principle of Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities -- 11.2.2 Positioning China as a Developing Country -- 11.2.3 The 1.5 ℃ Global Temperature Target -- 11.2.4 Carbon Pricing and Carbon Border Tax -- 11.3 Intensive Engagement and Active Leadership in Global Climate Governance and International Cooperation ---

11.3.1 Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization Is of Important Guiding Significance to Global Low-Carbon Development and Transformation -- 11.3.2 Actively Promote and Lead the Process of Global Climate Governance and Climate Negotiations.

5.2 Economic Analysis of Emissions Reduction in the Energy System -- 5.2.1 Introduction of the Energy Economic Analysis Model -- 5.2.2 Carbon Price -- 5.2.3 GDP Losses.

8.2.2 Cost of Energy Use in the Entire Society -- 8.3 Summary -- References -- 9 Long-Term Low-Carbon Transition Pathways.

10.2.4 Speed up the Decarbonization of Energy Mix and Ensure Clean, Safe, and Economical Energy Supply -- 10.2.5 Push Forward the Reduction of Non-CO2 GHG Emissions, and Take Measures to Reduce Economy-Wide GHG Emissions -- 10.2.6 Attach Importance to Urban Energy Conservation to Drive the Change of Consumption Patterns and the Construction of a Low-Carbon Society -- 10.2.7 Promote Coordinated and Balanced Regional Development and a Differentiated Low-Carbon Transition in Line with Local Conditions -- 10.2.8 Harmonize Measures for Economic Development, Environmental Protection, Climate Change, and Biodiversity Improvement -- 10.2.9 Improve the Institutional Arrangement for Addressing Climate Change and Form a Policy System, Investment and Financing Mechanism, and Market System ---

3.1.1 Current Development and Trend of the Industrial Sector -- 3.1.2 Key Findings of Scenario Analysis -- 3.1.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Investment in Different Scenarios -- 3.1.4 Key Pathways and Policy Enablers -- 3.2 Building Sector -- 3.2.1 Status and Trend -- 3.2.2 Scenario Analysis -- 3.2.3 Evaluation of Emission Reduction Technologies and Pathways -- 3.2.4 Implementation Pathway & -- Policy Recommendations -- 3.3 Transportation Sector -- 3.3.1 Development & -- Trend of the Transportation Sector -- 3.3.2 Future Development and Scenario Setting -- 3.3.3 Analysis of Different Scenarios -- 3.3.4 Goals, Pathways and Policy Recommendations for Low Carbon Development -- References -- 4 Power Sector -- 4.1 Power Demand Forecasting and Research Methods -- 4.1.1 End-Use Sectors’ Demand Forecast -- 4.1.2 Scenario Setting and Research Methods ---

9.1 Implementing and Reinforcing NDC Targets and Actions for 2030 -- 9.1.1 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions -- 9.1.2 Policies and Measures for Enhanced NDC Targets and Actions -- 9.2 Analysis of Long-Term Emission Reduction Pathway Driven by the 2 ℃ Target -- 9.2.1 Comprehensive Analysis of the 2 ℃ Target Path Scenario -- 9.2.2 Pathway Analysis of the 2 ℃ Target Path Scenario -- 9.2.3 Result of the 2 ℃ Target Path Through Different Statistical Methods -- 9.2.4 Analysis on Transition of All Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2 ℃ Target Path -- 9.3 Analysis of Net Zero CO2 Emissions Pathway Driven by the 1.5 ℃ Target -- 9.3.1 Scenario Analysis on 1.5 ℃ Target-oriented Net-zero Development Path -- 9.3.2 Comprehensive Analysis on GHG Emissions in the 1.5 ℃ Target Path ---

10.2.10 Promote Global Climate Governance and International Cooperation, and Advance the Construction of Global Ecological Civilization and a Community with a Shared Future for Humankind -- References -- 11 Global Climate Governance and International Cooperation -- 11.1 The History of Global Climate Governance -- 11.2 Several Core and Focal Issues in Global Climate Governance -- 11.2.1 The Principle of Equity and Common but Differentiated Responsibilities -- 11.2.2 Positioning China as a Developing Country -- 11.2.3 The 1.5 ℃ Global Temperature Target -- 11.2.4 Carbon Pricing and Carbon Border Tax -- 11.3 Intensive Engagement and Active Leadership in Global Climate Governance and International Cooperation ---

10.2.2 Adhere to New Development Concept, Spur Industrial Restructuring and Upgrading, and Facilitate Green, Low-Carbon, Circular Economical Transformation -- 10.2.3 Further Improvement in Energy Conservation and Efficiency for End Use and Facilitate the Substitution of Electricity and Hydrogen for Direct Use of Fossil Energy.

11.3.1 Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization Is of Important Guiding Significance to Global Low-Carbon Development and Transformation -- 11.3.2 Actively Promote and Lead the Process of Global Climate Governance and Climate Negotiations.

4.2 Low-Carbon Pathways for the Power Sector -- 4.2.1 Installed Capacity and Power Generation of Different Emission Reduction Pathways -- 4.2.2 Application of CCS and BECCS Technologies -- 4.2.3 Carbon Emission Trajectories of the Power Sector Under Different Scenarios -- 4.2.4 Demand for Emission Reduction Technologies Under Different Scenarios -- 4.3 Crucial Problems and Solutions for the Low-Carbon Transition of the Power Sector -- 4.3.1 Operation Security of the Power Grid -- 4.3.2 Retirement of Coal-Fired Power Units -- 4.4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- 5 Primary Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions -- 5.1 Analysis of China’s Future Primary Energy Consumption -- 5.1.1 Total Primary Energy Consumption -- 5.1.2 Mix of Primary Energy Consumption -- 5.1.3 CO2 Emissions Under Different Scenarios ---

5.2 Economic Analysis of Emissions Reduction in the Energy System -- 5.2.1 Introduction of the Energy Economic Analysis Model -- 5.2.2 Carbon Price -- 5.2.3 GDP Losses.

7.1.3 Horizontal Comparison of Key Technologies and Priorities -- 7.1.4 The Strategic Importance of Advanced Low-Carbon Technologies to Deep Decarbonization -- 7.1.5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- 7.2 Evaluation of Deep Decarbonization Technologies -- 7.2.1 Deep Decarbonization Technologies for Energy and Power Storage Systems -- 7.2.2 Deep Decarbonization Technologies for Industrial Processes -- 7.2.3 Deep Decarbonization Technologies for Transport Sector -- 7.2.4 Negative CO2 Emission and Carbon Geoengineering Technologies -- References -- 8 Investment and Cost Analysis for Implementing a Low Emission Strategy -- 8.1 Energy Investment Needs -- 8.1.1 Investment on the Energy Supply Side -- 8.1.2 Investment on the Energy Demand Side -- 8.1.3 Total Investment Needs -- 8.2 Energy Cost Analysis -- 8.2.1 Cost of Electricity Supply ---

8.2.2 Cost of Energy Use in the Entire Society -- 8.3 Summary -- References -- 9 Long-Term Low-Carbon Transition Pathways.

9.3.3 Analysis on the Transition from the 2 ℃ Target Path to the 1.5 ℃ Target Path -- 9.4 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- 10 Strategic Linchpins and Policy Safeguards -- 10.1 Policies and Measures for China’s Low-Carbon Development -- 10.1.1 Put in Place and Perpetuate a Complete and Comprehensive Policy Framework -- 10.1.2 Goal-Oriented Planning, Administrative Mandates, and Market Measures -- 10.1.3 Strengthen the Coordinated Governance of Environment and Climate Change -- 10.2 Strategic Linchpins and Policy Safeguards for China’s Long-Term Low-Carbon Development -- 10.2.1 Defining Climate Change Strategy in National Priority and Embed the Pathway of Deep Decarbonization in the Overall Development Goals and Strategies ---

10.2.4 Speed up the Decarbonization of Energy Mix and Ensure Clean, Safe, and Economical Energy Supply -- 10.2.5 Push Forward the Reduction of Non-CO2 GHG Emissions, and Take Measures to Reduce Economy-Wide GHG Emissions -- 10.2.6 Attach Importance to Urban Energy Conservation to Drive the Change of Consumption Patterns and the Construction of a Low-Carbon Society -- 10.2.7 Promote Coordinated and Balanced Regional Development and a Differentiated Low-Carbon Transition in Line with Local Conditions -- 10.2.8 Harmonize Measures for Economic Development, Environmental Protection, Climate Change, and Biodiversity Improvement -- 10.2.9 Improve the Institutional Arrangement for Addressing Climate Change and Form a Policy System, Investment and Financing Mechanism, and Market System ---

11.3.3 Actively Promote International Cooperation on Climate Change and South-South Cooperation on Climate Change Under the Belt and Road Initiative.

3.1.1 Current Development and Trend of the Industrial Sector -- 3.1.2 Key Findings of Scenario Analysis -- 3.1.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Investment in Different Scenarios -- 3.1.4 Key Pathways and Policy Enablers -- 3.2 Building Sector -- 3.2.1 Status and Trend -- 3.2.2 Scenario Analysis -- 3.2.3 Evaluation of Emission Reduction Technologies and Pathways -- 3.2.4 Implementation Pathway & -- Policy Recommendations -- 3.3 Transportation Sector -- 3.3.1 Development & -- Trend of the Transportation Sector -- 3.3.2 Future Development and Scenario Setting -- 3.3.3 Analysis of Different Scenarios -- 3.3.4 Goals, Pathways and Policy Recommendations for Low Carbon Development -- References -- 4 Power Sector -- 4.1 Power Demand Forecasting and Research Methods -- 4.1.1 End-Use Sectors’ Demand Forecast -- 4.1.2 Scenario Setting and Research Methods ---

5.3 Synergy Between Deep Decarbonization and Environment Improvement -- 5.4 Policy Suggestions -- References -- 6 Non-CO2 GHG Emissions -- 6.1 Scope and Status of Non-CO2 GHG Emissions -- 6.2 Scenarios and Results of Non-CO2 GHG Emissions -- 6.2.1 Non-CO2 GHG Emissions Under the Policy Scenario -- 6.2.2 The Emission Reduction Potential of Non-CO2 GHGs -- 6.3 Important Technologies and Measures to Reduce Non-CO2 GHG Emissions -- 6.3.1 Key Technologies for Non-CO2 Emission Reduction -- 6.3.2 Key Measures for Non-CO2 Emission Reduction -- 6.3.3 Emission Reduction Cost of Non-CO2 GHG Emissions -- 6.3.4 Nature-Based Solutions -- References -- 7 Technical Support for Long-Term Deep Decarbonization -- 7.1 Comprehensive Cost-Benefit Analysis of Long-Term Deep Decarbonization Technologies -- 7.1.1 Research Background -- 7.1.2 Dimensions of Analysis ---

9.1 Implementing and Reinforcing NDC Targets and Actions for 2030 -- 9.1.1 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions -- 9.1.2 Policies and Measures for Enhanced NDC Targets and Actions -- 9.2 Analysis of Long-Term Emission Reduction Pathway Driven by the 2 ℃ Target -- 9.2.1 Comprehensive Analysis of the 2 ℃ Target Path Scenario -- 9.2.2 Pathway Analysis of the 2 ℃ Target Path Scenario -- 9.2.3 Result of the 2 ℃ Target Path Through Different Statistical Methods -- 9.2.4 Analysis on Transition of All Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2 ℃ Target Path -- 9.3 Analysis of Net Zero CO2 Emissions Pathway Driven by the 1.5 ℃ Target -- 9.3.1 Scenario Analysis on 1.5 ℃ Target-oriented Net-zero Development Path -- 9.3.2 Comprehensive Analysis on GHG Emissions in the 1.5 ℃ Target Path ---

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