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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2022

1 online resource (252 pages)

ISBN 9783030885090 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030885083

Sustainable Development Goals Ser.

Print version: Fujishige, Hiromi Nagata Japan’s Peacekeeping at a Crossroads Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 ISBN 9783030885083

Chapter 2: The Historical Background to Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy from the Early Postwar Era to the Establishment of the PKO Act 1945-1992 -- 1 The Taboo Against the SDF’s Deployment to the UNPKOs During the Postwar Era -- 1.1 The Rise of Anti-militarism and the Controversial Birth of the SDF in 1954 -- 1.2 Admitting the Constitutionality of the Right of National Self-Defense -- 1.3 The Taboo Against Overseas Military Dispatch -- 2 The Establishment of the PKO Act -- 2.1 The Gulf War and the First Overseas Dispatch of the SDF -- 2.2 The Enactment of the PKO Act -- 2.3 The Insertion of Strict Constraints into the PKO Act -- 3 Summary of Chap. 2 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy 1992-2012 ---

1 Japan’s Past Performance Within the Narrow Version of International Peace Cooperation -- 1.1 Past Performance Under the Narrow Version of the IPC Concept -- 1.2 Past Performance Under the Broader Version of the IPC Concept.

Chapter 2: The Historical Background to Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy from the Early Postwar Era to the Establishment of the PKO Act 1945-1992 -- 1 The Taboo Against the SDF’s Deployment to the UNPKOs During the Postwar Era -- 1.1 The Rise of Anti-militarism and the Controversial Birth of the SDF in 1954 -- 1.2 Admitting the Constitutionality of the Right of National Self-Defense -- 1.3 The Taboo Against Overseas Military Dispatch -- 2 The Establishment of the PKO Act -- 2.1 The Gulf War and the First Overseas Dispatch of the SDF -- 2.2 The Enactment of the PKO Act -- 2.3 The Insertion of Strict Constraints into the PKO Act -- 3 Summary of Chap. 2 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 3: The Evolution of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy 1992-2012 ---

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Praise for Japan’s Peacekeeping at a Crossroads -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction: The Pursuit of "Integration" and "Robustness" in Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 1 The Gaps Behind the Discontinuity in Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 2 The Contemporary "Integration" and "Robustness" Trends in UNPKOs -- 2.1 Classic Peacekeeping -- 2.2 The Rise of "Integration" in the UNPKOs -- 2.3 The Rise of "Robustness" in the UNPKOs -- 3 Japan’s Setbacks in Pursuit of "Integration" and "Robustness" -- 4 The Widespread Hesitation in the Global North Toward Personnel Contribution -- 5 The Structure of the Book -- 5.1 Summary of Chap. 1 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) ---

1.2 Amending the Official Interpretation of the Right of Collective Defense -- 1.3 The Move Toward "Integration" Under the Second Abe Administration -- 1.4 The Impact of Peace and Security Legislation on Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 2 Amendments to the PKO Act4 -- 2.1 Overview of the 2015 Amendments -- 2.2 Defining the "Use of Force" in the Japanese Legal Framework -- 2.3 Use of Weapons for "Self-Preservation" and "Execution of Missions" -- 2.4 The Revision to the Fifth of the Five Principles -- 2.5 Three Types of UNPKO for the Application of the New Five Principles -- 2.6 The Relaxation of Weapons Use Requirements: The "Provision of Protection" Duty -- 2.7 The Relaxation of Weapons Use Requirements: The "Coming-to-Aid" Duty -- 2.8 Catching Up with "Robustness"? -- 3 Introducing the Other New Roles ---

3.1 The Joint Defense of a Camp -- 3.2 The Internationally Coordinated Operations for Peace and Security and the Other Additions to the Amended PKO Act -- 3.3 Policies Related to SSR -- 3.4 Adopting the International Peace Support Act -- 4 Summary of Chap. 4 -- References (In English).

5.3 The Loss of Japanese Personnel in a Tough Security Environment -- 5.4 The Assignment of de facto Security Duty to the JEG -- 5.5 The JEG’s Provision of Security for Japanese Electoral Observers -- 6 Japan’s Efforts in Cambodia and Its Challenges -- 6.1 Gaps in the Existing Legal Structure -- 6.2 Altered SDF Roles to Protect Japanese Nationals in the Field -- 6.3 Other Outcomes and Lessons Learned -- 6.4 Summary of Chap. 5 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 6: East Timor: Adapting to "Integration" and Responding to "Robustness" -- 1 Events Precipitating the 1999 East Timorese Crisis -- 1.1 The Indonesian Invasion and Conflict over Independence -- 1.2 East Timor’s Independence and International Society -- 2 International Legitimacy -- 2.1 Achieving State Construction -- 2.2 Retrying State Construction ---

6.2 The Rising Necessity of the Joint Defense of a Camp -- 6.3 The Assignment of the "Coming-to-Aid" Duty -- 6.4 The Sudden Withdrawal of the JEG -- 7 Summary of Chap. 8 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 9: Conclusion: Japan’s Search for a New Direction in Peacekeeping -- 1 The Trajectories of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 1.1 Overview of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 1.2 Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy at a Crossroads -- 2 The Consequences of Japan’s Dual Pursuit of "Robustness" and "Integration" -- 2.1 The Consequence of the Pursuit of "Robustness" -- 2.2 The Consequences of the Pursuit of "Integration" -- 3 The Other Possible Explanations for the JEG’s Sudden Withdrawal from South Sudan -- 4 Japan’s Shift to Capacity-Building Support -- 5 The Remaining Need for Personnel Contribution ---

2 Japan’s Efforts to Catch Up with the International Trends of "Robustness" and "Integration" -- 2.1 Moves Toward "Robustness" -- 2.2 Limited Relaxation of the Requirements for the Use of Weapons -- 2.3 Removing the "Freeze" on the PKF’s Main Duties -- 2.4 The Recommendations on the Relaxation of the Requirements for the Use of Weapons -- 2.5 Moves Toward "Integration" -- 3 The Decline of Anti-militarism in the Political Scene and Public Opinion -- 4 Summary of Chap. 3 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 4: Recent Developments in Japan’s International Peace Cooperation Under the Second Abe Government 2012-2020 -- 1 Reforming Japanese Security Policy, 2013-2015 -- 1.1 The National Security Strategy and the Other Significant Changes ---

Chapter 8: South Sudan: The SDF and "Protection of Civilians" -- 1 Background to the Conflict in South Sudan -- 2 International Legitimacy of UNMISS -- 2.1 The Focus on Statebuilding -- 2.2 The Focus on the PoC Duty -- 2.3 UN Peacekeepers’ Negligence of Their Duties -- 3 Political Background to Japan’s Participation -- 3.1 Supporting the US -- 3.2 Supporting Conflict-Affected Countries -- 3.3 Utilizing Japan’s Engineering Capability for Peacekeeping -- 4 Legal Basis of Japan’s Participation -- 4.1 The PKO Act -- 4.2 The Controversial Definition of an "Armed Conflict" -- 5 Overview of Japan’s Activities on the Ground -- 5.1 Before the Crisis of December 2013 -- 5.2 After the Crisis of December 2013 -- 6 Outcomes and Challenges of Japan’s Activity -- 6.1 The "All Japan" Approach ---

References (In Japanese).

1.2 Amending the Official Interpretation of the Right of Collective Defense -- 1.3 The Move Toward "Integration" Under the Second Abe Administration -- 1.4 The Impact of Peace and Security Legislation on Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 2 Amendments to the PKO Act4 -- 2.1 Overview of the 2015 Amendments -- 2.2 Defining the "Use of Force" in the Japanese Legal Framework -- 2.3 Use of Weapons for "Self-Preservation" and "Execution of Missions" -- 2.4 The Revision to the Fifth of the Five Principles -- 2.5 Three Types of UNPKO for the Application of the New Five Principles -- 2.6 The Relaxation of Weapons Use Requirements: The "Provision of Protection" Duty -- 2.7 The Relaxation of Weapons Use Requirements: The "Coming-to-Aid" Duty -- 2.8 Catching Up with "Robustness"? -- 3 Introducing the Other New Roles ---

3 The Political Background of Japan’s Participation -- 3.1 The Increasing Commitment to East Timor in Japanese Diplomacy -- 3.2 Decision-Making for the Contribution of the Uniformed Personnel.

3.1 The Joint Defense of a Camp -- 3.2 The Internationally Coordinated Operations for Peace and Security and the Other Additions to the Amended PKO Act -- 3.3 Policies Related to SSR -- 3.4 Adopting the International Peace Support Act -- 4 Summary of Chap. 4 -- References (In English).

5.1 Ongoing Personnel Contribution from the Other Advanced Countries -- 5.2 Japan’s Personnel Deployment to Non-UN Peacekeeping Operations -- 6 Concluding Thoughts: Other Possible Alternatives and the Future Agenda -- References (In English).

5.3 The Loss of Japanese Personnel in a Tough Security Environment -- 5.4 The Assignment of de facto Security Duty to the JEG -- 5.5 The JEG’s Provision of Security for Japanese Electoral Observers -- 6 Japan’s Efforts in Cambodia and Its Challenges -- 6.1 Gaps in the Existing Legal Structure -- 6.2 Altered SDF Roles to Protect Japanese Nationals in the Field -- 6.3 Other Outcomes and Lessons Learned -- 6.4 Summary of Chap. 5 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 6: East Timor: Adapting to "Integration" and Responding to "Robustness" -- 1 Events Precipitating the 1999 East Timorese Crisis -- 1.1 The Indonesian Invasion and Conflict over Independence -- 1.2 East Timor’s Independence and International Society -- 2 International Legitimacy -- 2.1 Achieving State Construction -- 2.2 Retrying State Construction ---

6.1 A Collaborative Structure to Enable "Seamless" Assistance -- 6.2 The Gap Between Existing Legal Structures -- 7 Summary of Chap. 7 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese).

6.2 The Rising Necessity of the Joint Defense of a Camp -- 6.3 The Assignment of the "Coming-to-Aid" Duty -- 6.4 The Sudden Withdrawal of the JEG -- 7 Summary of Chap. 8 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 9: Conclusion: Japan’s Search for a New Direction in Peacekeeping -- 1 The Trajectories of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 1.1 Overview of Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy -- 1.2 Japan’s Peacekeeping Policy at a Crossroads -- 2 The Consequences of Japan’s Dual Pursuit of "Robustness" and "Integration" -- 2.1 The Consequence of the Pursuit of "Robustness" -- 2.2 The Consequences of the Pursuit of "Integration" -- 3 The Other Possible Explanations for the JEG’s Sudden Withdrawal from South Sudan -- 4 Japan’s Shift to Capacity-Building Support -- 5 The Remaining Need for Personnel Contribution ---

Chapter 7: Haiti: The Development of "Seamless" Assistance from Disaster Relief to UNPKOs -- 1 The Complex Crisis in Haiti -- 2 International Background -- 2.1 International Support to Haiti -- 2.2 Post-earthquake Restoration and Reconstruction -- 3 Political Background to Japan’s Participation -- 3.1 Haiti as an Earthquake Disaster Zone -- 3.2 The DPJ Administration -- 3.3 Consideration of the US Ally -- 4 Legal Foundations of Japan’s Participation -- 4.1 The Division of Labor Between the JDR and SDF Acts -- 4.2 The Deployment of JDR Medical Contingents -- 4.3 MINUSTAH Deployment -- 5 Overview of Japan’s Activities -- 5.1 The Activities of the Medical Components Under the JDR Act -- 5.2 The Military Dispatch to MINUSTAH Under the PKO Act -- 5.3 The Development of the "All Japan" Approach -- 6 Outcomes of Japan’s Efforts and Related Challenges ---

2 Japan’s Efforts to Catch Up with the International Trends of "Robustness" and "Integration" -- 2.1 Moves Toward "Robustness" -- 2.2 Limited Relaxation of the Requirements for the Use of Weapons -- 2.3 Removing the "Freeze" on the PKF’s Main Duties -- 2.4 The Recommendations on the Relaxation of the Requirements for the Use of Weapons -- 2.5 Moves Toward "Integration" -- 3 The Decline of Anti-militarism in the Political Scene and Public Opinion -- 4 Summary of Chap. 3 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 4: Recent Developments in Japan’s International Peace Cooperation Under the Second Abe Government 2012-2020 -- 1 Reforming Japanese Security Policy, 2013-2015 -- 1.1 The National Security Strategy and the Other Significant Changes ---

3.3 Growing Interest in Peacebuilding and Support to Fragile States -- 4 The Legal Foundation of Japan’s Participation -- 5 Overview of Japan’s Activities in East Timor -- 5.1 The Contribution of Uniformed Personnel -- 5.2 The JEG’s Performance -- 5.3 Construction Work Under the "All Japan" Approach -- 5.4 Capacity-Building Support Under the "All Japan" Approach -- 5.5 The Rescue of Japanese Civilians -- 5.6 Police-Related Activities -- 6 Outcomes of Japan’s Efforts and Related Challenges -- 6.1 Resonance with "Integration" and the Emergence of the "All Japan" Approach -- 6.2 A Knotty Question Related to the "All Japan" Approach -- 6.3 The Question of Protecting Japanese Nationals -- 6.4 Changing Roles for Police Personnel -- 6.5 Summary of Chap. 6 -- References (In English) -- References (In Japanese) ---

Chapter 8: South Sudan: The SDF and "Protection of Civilians" -- 1 Background to the Conflict in South Sudan -- 2 International Legitimacy of UNMISS -- 2.1 The Focus on Statebuilding -- 2.2 The Focus on the PoC Duty -- 2.3 UN Peacekeepers’ Negligence of Their Duties -- 3 Political Background to Japan’s Participation -- 3.1 Supporting the US -- 3.2 Supporting Conflict-Affected Countries -- 3.3 Utilizing Japan’s Engineering Capability for Peacekeeping -- 4 Legal Basis of Japan’s Participation -- 4.1 The PKO Act -- 4.2 The Controversial Definition of an "Armed Conflict" -- 5 Overview of Japan’s Activities on the Ground -- 5.1 Before the Crisis of December 2013 -- 5.2 After the Crisis of December 2013 -- 6 Outcomes and Challenges of Japan’s Activity -- 6.1 The "All Japan" Approach ---

References (In Japanese) -- Chapter 5: Cambodia: Japan’s First UNPKO Contribution -- 1 The Cambodian Civil War and the Paris Peace Agreement -- 2 International Legitimacy of UNTAC -- 2.1 Statebuilding Under the UN Transitional Authority -- 2.2 The Challenges in Implementing the Cambodian General Election -- 3 Political Background to Japan’s UNTAC Participation -- 3.1 Momentum Toward "International Contribution" -- 3.2 Strengthening Japan’s Political Role in Southeast Asian Diplomacy -- 4 Legal Foundations of Japan’s Participation -- 4.1 The GoJ’s Insistence on Upholding the Five Principles for Participation -- 4.2 Problems Related to Tight Restrictions on Weapons Use -- 5 Overview of Japan’s Activity in UNTAC -- 5.1 The JEG’s Activities in Civil Affairs Support -- 5.2 The Expansion of JEG Duties Without a Formal Mandate ---

001896551

express

(Au-PeEL)EBL6855517

(MiAaPQ)EBC6855517

(OCoLC)1294141457