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Cham : Springer International Publishing AG, 2022

1 online resource (346 pages)

ISBN 9783030870454 (electronic bk.)

ISBN 9783030870447

Print version: Peterson, David L. Wildland Fire Smoke in the United States Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 ISBN 9783030870447

4.1.1 Scientific Significance -- 4.1.2 Management Significance.

2.6 Science Delivery to Managers -- 2.7 Research Needs -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fire Behavior and Heat Release as Source Conditions for Smoke Modeling -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Current State of Science -- 3.2.1 Representing Fire in Smoke Models -- 3.2.2 Remote Sensing -- 3.2.3 Effects of Management Actions -- 3.3 Gaps in Understanding the Link Between Fire Behavior and Plume Dynamics -- 3.3.1 Heat Release -- 3.3.2 Fire Spread -- 3.3.3 Plume Cores -- 3.4 Vision for Improving Smoke Science -- 3.5 Emerging Issues and Challenges -- 3.5.1 Magnitude of Fire and Smoke Impacts -- 3.5.2 Managing Fuels to Minimize Air Quality Impacts -- 3.5.3 Need for Dispersion Climatologies -- 3.5.4 When and Where is Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Modeling Needed? -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Key Findings -- 3.8 Key Information Needs -- References -- 4 Smoke Plume Dynamics -- 4.1 Introduction ---

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- 1 Assessing the State of Smoke Science -- 1.1 Recent Trends -- 1.2 Environmental and Social Context -- 1.3 Overview of This Assessment -- References -- 2 Fuels and Consumption -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Understanding How Fuels Contribute to Smoke -- 2.2 Wildland Fuels -- 2.2.1 Fuel Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Traditional Methods to Estimate Wildland Fuel Loadings -- 2.2.3 Emerging Technologies and Methods -- 2.3 Fuel Consumption -- 2.3.1 Indirect Estimates of Fuel Consumption -- 2.3.2 Direct Measures of Fuel Consumption -- 2.4 Gaps in Wildland Fuels Characterization -- 2.4.1 Scaling from Fine-Scale to Coarse-Scale Fuel Characterization -- 2.4.2 Challenges in Forest Floor Characterization -- 2.4.3 Modeling Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Wildland Fuels -- 2.5 Vision for Improving Fuel Science in Support of Smoke Science ---

4.5.5 Smoke Plume Dynamics and Climate Change -- 4.5.6 Smoke Dynamics in the Earth System -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 4.7 Key Findings -- References -- 5 Emissions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Current State of the Science -- 5.2.1 Fuel Properties, Combustion Processes, and Emissions -- 5.2.2 Smoke Composition and Emission Factors -- 5.2.3 Emission Calculations -- 5.3 Existing Data, Tools, Models, and Other Technology -- 5.3.1 Emission Factors -- 5.3.2 Emission Inventories -- 5.3.3 Emission Models for Land Management -- 5.4 Gaps in Data, Understanding, and Tools/Technology -- 5.4.1 Emission Factors for Wildfires -- 5.4.2 Connecting Laboratory Studies with Field Observations -- 5.4.3 Variability of EFs with Combustion Conditions -- 5.4.4 Validation of Emission Inventories -- 5.4.5 Forecasting Wildfire Emissions -- 5.4.6 Measuring and Modeling PM2.5 -- 5.4.7 Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants ---

6.6 Links with Other Components of the Smoke Assessment -- 6.6.1 Fire Behavior and Plume Dynamics -- 6.6.2 Fuel Characterization -- 6.6.3 Smoke Emissions -- 6.6.4 Effects on People, Health, Transportation, and Commerce -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.7.1 Key Research Needs and Priorities -- 6.7.2 Opportunities for Shared Stewardship to Improve Smoke Science and Management -- References -- 7 Social Considerations: Health, Economics, and Risk Communication -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Health Effects Attributed to Wildland Fire Smoke -- 7.2.1 Wildland Fire Smoke Exposure -- 7.2.2 Epidemiologic Evidence-Wildfire Smoke and PM2.5 -- 7.2.3 Other Smoke Pollutants Associated with Health Risks -- 7.2.4 Occupational/Cumulative and Chronic Exposures -- 7.3 Economic Costs and Losses from Smoke -- 7.3.1 Theoretical Costs and Losses -- 7.3.2 Health Costs and Losses ---

8.2.7 Fuel Type, Fuel Loading, and Fuel Consumption -- 8.2.8 Techniques for Minimizing Smoke Impacts -- 8.2.9 Components of Wildland Fire Smoke -- 8.2.10 Soils and Emissions -- 8.2.11 Remote Sensing and Data for Fuels, Fire, and Smoke -- 8.2.12 Prescribed Fire Tracking Data -- 8.2.13 Fire Emissions and the National Emissions Inventory -- 8.3 Wildland Fire and Smoke Decision Tools -- 8.3.1 Multiple Fires and Airshed Analysis -- 8.3.2 Fire Growth Models and Smoke Dispersion -- 8.3.3 Background Air Quality Conditions -- 8.3.4 Smoke Models for Fire Planning -- 8.3.5 Use of Air Quality Measurements -- 8.3.6 Air Quality Impacts of Prescribed Fire Versus Wildfire -- 8.3.7 Smoke Model Performance and Accuracy -- 8.3.8 Long-Range Forecasts and Projections for Planning and Early Warning -- 8.3.9 Tools and Data Needs for the Future ---

Appendix A Regional Perspectives on Smoke Issues and Management -- Alaska Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Eastern Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Intermountain Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Northern Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Current Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Pacific Northwest Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region ---

4.2 Current State of Science -- 4.2.1 Theoretical Framework -- 4.2.2 Smoke Measurements -- 4.2.3 Smoke Plume Modeling -- 4.2.4 Interactive Processes -- 4.2.5 Smoke Decision Support Systems -- 4.3 Gaps in Understanding Plume Dynamics -- 4.3.1 Measurements -- 4.3.2 Plume Rise -- 4.3.3 Dispersion and Transport Modeling -- 4.3.4 Nighttime Smoke -- 4.3.5 Physics-Based Fire Models -- 4.3.6 Smoke Management for Prescribed Fires -- 4.4 Vision for Improving Plume Dynamics Science -- 4.4.1 New Research on Observational and Computational Capabilities -- 4.4.2 New Approaches and Tools -- 4.4.3 New Projects -- 4.4.4 Recent Policies and Integration with Smoke Impacts Research -- 4.5 Emerging Issues and Challenges -- 4.5.1 Coupled Modeling Systems -- 4.5.2 Improving Modeling Tools with Field Campaign Data -- 4.5.3 Real-Time Smoke Transport Modeling and Prediction -- 4.5.4 Smoke from Duff Burning Under Drought Conditions ---

8.4.2 Effects of Smoke Exposure on Human Health for Different Exposure Scenarios -- 8.4.3 Health Effects of Constituents of Smoke Beyond Particulate Matter -- 8.4.4 Smoke and Mental Health -- 8.4.5 Smoke and Visibility Reduction on Roadways -- 8.4.6 Visibility Conditions in Class I Areas -- 8.5 Outreach and Messaging About Smoke -- 8.5.1 Smoke Ready Interventions -- 8.5.2 Air Quality Conditions and Advisories -- 8.5.3 National Weather Service -- 8.5.4 Interagency Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program and Air Resource Advisors -- 8.6 Transfer of Smoke and Air Quality Science and Tools to Managers -- 8.6.1 Formal Fire and Smoke Training Opportunities -- 8.6.2 Informal Training and Collaboration Opportunities -- 8.6.3 Websites, Webinars, Etc. -- 8.6.4 Learning Pathways -- 8.6.5 Maintaining Contact -- 8.7 Managing Smoke in a Changing Environment -- References ---

Rocky Mountain Region.

4.5.5 Smoke Plume Dynamics and Climate Change -- 4.5.6 Smoke Dynamics in the Earth System -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 4.7 Key Findings -- References -- 5 Emissions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Current State of the Science -- 5.2.1 Fuel Properties, Combustion Processes, and Emissions -- 5.2.2 Smoke Composition and Emission Factors -- 5.2.3 Emission Calculations -- 5.3 Existing Data, Tools, Models, and Other Technology -- 5.3.1 Emission Factors -- 5.3.2 Emission Inventories -- 5.3.3 Emission Models for Land Management -- 5.4 Gaps in Data, Understanding, and Tools/Technology -- 5.4.1 Emission Factors for Wildfires -- 5.4.2 Connecting Laboratory Studies with Field Observations -- 5.4.3 Variability of EFs with Combustion Conditions -- 5.4.4 Validation of Emission Inventories -- 5.4.5 Forecasting Wildfire Emissions -- 5.4.6 Measuring and Modeling PM2.5 -- 5.4.7 Emissions of Hazardous Air Pollutants ---

5.4.8 Emissions from Structure Fires -- 5.5 Conclusions.

6.6 Links with Other Components of the Smoke Assessment -- 6.6.1 Fire Behavior and Plume Dynamics -- 6.6.2 Fuel Characterization -- 6.6.3 Smoke Emissions -- 6.6.4 Effects on People, Health, Transportation, and Commerce -- 6.7 Conclusions -- 6.7.1 Key Research Needs and Priorities -- 6.7.2 Opportunities for Shared Stewardship to Improve Smoke Science and Management -- References -- 7 Social Considerations: Health, Economics, and Risk Communication -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Health Effects Attributed to Wildland Fire Smoke -- 7.2.1 Wildland Fire Smoke Exposure -- 7.2.2 Epidemiologic Evidence-Wildfire Smoke and PM2.5 -- 7.2.3 Other Smoke Pollutants Associated with Health Risks -- 7.2.4 Occupational/Cumulative and Chronic Exposures -- 7.3 Economic Costs and Losses from Smoke -- 7.3.1 Theoretical Costs and Losses -- 7.3.2 Health Costs and Losses ---

7.3.3 Evacuation as an Averting Behavior -- 7.3.4 Displaced Recreation and Tourism -- 7.4 Social Acceptance and Risk Communication -- 7.4.1 Social Acceptability.

8.2.7 Fuel Type, Fuel Loading, and Fuel Consumption -- 8.2.8 Techniques for Minimizing Smoke Impacts -- 8.2.9 Components of Wildland Fire Smoke -- 8.2.10 Soils and Emissions -- 8.2.11 Remote Sensing and Data for Fuels, Fire, and Smoke -- 8.2.12 Prescribed Fire Tracking Data -- 8.2.13 Fire Emissions and the National Emissions Inventory -- 8.3 Wildland Fire and Smoke Decision Tools -- 8.3.1 Multiple Fires and Airshed Analysis -- 8.3.2 Fire Growth Models and Smoke Dispersion -- 8.3.3 Background Air Quality Conditions -- 8.3.4 Smoke Models for Fire Planning -- 8.3.5 Use of Air Quality Measurements -- 8.3.6 Air Quality Impacts of Prescribed Fire Versus Wildfire -- 8.3.7 Smoke Model Performance and Accuracy -- 8.3.8 Long-Range Forecasts and Projections for Planning and Early Warning -- 8.3.9 Tools and Data Needs for the Future ---

8.3.10 Identifying Areas at High Risk from Wildfire and Smoke -- 8.4 Health, Safety, and Societal Impacts of Smoke -- 8.4.1 What is a Smoke-Affected Day?.

Appendix A Regional Perspectives on Smoke Issues and Management -- Alaska Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Eastern Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Intermountain Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Northern Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Current Efforts Applicable to the Region -- Pacific Northwest Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region ---

Pacific Southwest Region -- Ecological and Social Context -- Prescribed Fire and Smoke -- Smoke Research Needs and Scientific Efforts Applicable to the Region.

4.2 Current State of Science -- 4.2.1 Theoretical Framework -- 4.2.2 Smoke Measurements -- 4.2.3 Smoke Plume Modeling -- 4.2.4 Interactive Processes -- 4.2.5 Smoke Decision Support Systems -- 4.3 Gaps in Understanding Plume Dynamics -- 4.3.1 Measurements -- 4.3.2 Plume Rise -- 4.3.3 Dispersion and Transport Modeling -- 4.3.4 Nighttime Smoke -- 4.3.5 Physics-Based Fire Models -- 4.3.6 Smoke Management for Prescribed Fires -- 4.4 Vision for Improving Plume Dynamics Science -- 4.4.1 New Research on Observational and Computational Capabilities -- 4.4.2 New Approaches and Tools -- 4.4.3 New Projects -- 4.4.4 Recent Policies and Integration with Smoke Impacts Research -- 4.5 Emerging Issues and Challenges -- 4.5.1 Coupled Modeling Systems -- 4.5.2 Improving Modeling Tools with Field Campaign Data -- 4.5.3 Real-Time Smoke Transport Modeling and Prediction -- 4.5.4 Smoke from Duff Burning Under Drought Conditions ---

7.4.2 Risk Communication -- 7.5 Key Findings -- 7.6 Key Information Needs -- 7.6.1 Understudied Health Effects -- 7.6.2 Health Benefits and Trade-Offs of Public Health Interventions -- 7.6.3 Economic Impacts -- 7.6.4 Central Repository of Standards and Actions -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Resource Manager Perspectives on the Need for Smoke Science -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Managing Wildland Fire to Improve Ecosystem Conditions While Minimizing Smoke Impacts -- 8.2.1 Smoke Concerns and Barriers to Prescribed Fire -- 8.2.2 Applying Prescribed Fire Across Large Landscapes -- 8.2.3 Utilizing Wildfires and Natural Ignitions -- 8.2.4 Implications of Wildfire Response Actions and Suppression for Air Quality -- 8.2.5 Alternatives to Burning-Evaluating Emissions Reduction -- 8.2.6 Effects of Fuel Moisture on Emissions and Dispersion ---

8.4.2 Effects of Smoke Exposure on Human Health for Different Exposure Scenarios -- 8.4.3 Health Effects of Constituents of Smoke Beyond Particulate Matter -- 8.4.4 Smoke and Mental Health -- 8.4.5 Smoke and Visibility Reduction on Roadways -- 8.4.6 Visibility Conditions in Class I Areas -- 8.5 Outreach and Messaging About Smoke -- 8.5.1 Smoke Ready Interventions -- 8.5.2 Air Quality Conditions and Advisories -- 8.5.3 National Weather Service -- 8.5.4 Interagency Wildland Fire Air Quality Response Program and Air Resource Advisors -- 8.6 Transfer of Smoke and Air Quality Science and Tools to Managers -- 8.6.1 Formal Fire and Smoke Training Opportunities -- 8.6.2 Informal Training and Collaboration Opportunities -- 8.6.3 Websites, Webinars, Etc. -- 8.6.4 Learning Pathways -- 8.6.5 Maintaining Contact -- 8.7 Managing Smoke in a Changing Environment -- References ---

References -- 6 Smoke Chemistry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Overview and Context of the Issues -- 6.1.2 Need for Decision Support -- 6.1.3 Scientific Challenges -- 6.2 Current State of the Science -- 6.2.1 Well-Understood Aspects of Smoke Chemistry -- 6.2.2 Existing Data, Tools, Models, and Other Technology -- 6.3 Gaps in Data, Understanding, and Tools/Technology -- 6.3.1 Ozone Data Gaps -- 6.3.2 Secondary Organic Aerosol Data Gaps -- 6.3.3 Model Gaps -- 6.4 Vision for Improving Our Understanding of Smoke Chemistry -- 6.4.1 Near-Term Opportunities -- 6.4.2 Long-Term Priorities for Improving Smoke Chemistry Knowledge -- 6.5 Emerging Issues -- 6.5.1 Higher Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Hazardous Air Pollutants from Fires in Western States -- 6.5.2 How Prescribed Burning Affects Smoke Chemistry -- 6.5.3 Clarifying Specific Health Effects ---

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(Au-PeEL)EBL6978256

(MiAaPQ)EBC6978256

(OCoLC)1341848157