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Fourth edition

London, UK : Academic Press, 2022

1 online zdroj (1 svazek) : ilustrace

ISBN 9780323859509

Print version: Ashton, Michael Craig, 1970-. Individual differences and personality. Fourth edition. Amsterdam : Academic Press, 2022 ISBN 9780323859509

Předchozí vydání: 2018

Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy a rejstřík

001932071

Preface ix // Acknowledgments xi // Introduction xiii // The Study of Personality xiii // The Universal, the Unique, and the In-Between xiv // Idiographic Versus Nomothetic Approaches xv // Outline of This Book xvii // 1. Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement 1 // 1.1 Some Simple Statistical Ideas 2 // 1.2 Assessing Quality of Measurement: Reliability and Validity 11 // 1.3 Methods of Measurement: Self- and Observer Reports, Direct Observations, Biodata 24 // 1.4 Summary and Conclusions 28 // 2. Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure Them 31 // 2.1 The Idea of a Personality Trait 31 // 2.2 Personality Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics 33 // 2.3 Do Personality Traits Exist? 34 // 2.4 Measuring Traits by Self- or Observer Report: Structured Personality Inventories 39 // 2.5 Strategies of Personality Inventory Construction 41 // 2.6 Self- and Observer Reports on Personality Inventory Scales 46 // 2.7 Summary and Conclusions 60 // 3. Personality Structure Classifying Traits 63 // 3.1 Which Traits to Measure? Completeness Without Redundancy 63 // 3.2 A Gentle Introduction to Factor Analysis 65 // 3.3 Factor Analysis of Personality Traits: How to Find a Representative Set of Traits? 70 // 3.4 Lexical Studies in the English Language: The Big Five Personality Factors 72 // 3.5 Lexical Studies in Many Languages: The HEXACO Personality Factors 75 // 3.6 What It All Means: A Few Dimensions, But Many Personalities 83 // 3.7 Summary and Conclusions 85 // 4. Developmental Change and Stability of Personality 89 // 4.1 Defining Change and Stability 90 // 4.2 Developmental Changes in Mean Levels of Personality Traits 91 // 4.3 Stability of Traits Across the Years (and the Life Span) 99 // 4.4 Personality in Childhood and Infancy: Measurement and Structure 103 // 4.5 Summary and Conclusions 108 // 5. Biological Bases of Personality 111 //

5.1 Early Ideas: The Four "Humors" and Personality 112 // 5.2 Neurotransmitters 114 // 5.3 Brain Structures 117 // 5.4 Hormones 124 // 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 126 // 6. Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality 131 // 6.1 The Question: Nature Versus Nurture 131 // 6.2 Examining the Similarity of Relatives 132 // 6.3 Separating Heredity and Environment 134 // 6.4 The Answers 141 // 6.5 Assumptions Underlying Heritability Studies in General 145 // 6.6 Assumptions Underlying Twin-Based Heritability Studies in Particular 149 // 6.7 Effects of the Unique Environment on Personality? Parental Treatment, Peer Groups, and Birth Order 154 // 6.8 Summary and Conclusions 157 // 6.9 Appendix: Difficulties in Separating the Effects of Heredity and Environment 158 // 7. The Evolutionary Function of Personality 163 // 7.1 The Idea of Evolution by Natural Selection 164 // 7.2 Why Are We Not All the Same? Fluctuating Optimum and Frequency // Dependence 166 // 7.3 Adaptive Trade-offs Between High and Low Levels of the HEXACO Personality Factors 172 // 7.4 Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in Mean Levels of Personality Traits 179 // 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 181 // 8. Personality Disorders 187 // 8.1 The Idea of a Personality Disorder 187 // 8.2 The DSM-5 Personality Disorders 189 // 8.3 An Alternative System for Personality Disorders 194 // 8.4 Origins of Personality Disorders: Developmental Change and Stability, Biological Bases, Heredity and Environment, and Evolutionary Function 200 // 8.5 Treatment of Personality Disorders 201 // 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 204 // 9. Personality and Life Outcomes 207 // 9.1 Does Personality Matter in Life? 207 // 9.2 Relationships and Marriage 208 // 9.3 Friendships and Other Peer Relationships 210 // 9.4 Health-Related Outcomes 216 // 9.5 Academic Performance 221 // 9.6 Job Performance 223 //

.7 Law-Abidingness Versus Criminality 228 // 9.8 Life Satisfaction 232 // 9.9 Summary and Conclusions 234 // 10. Mental Ability 237 // 10.1 The Domain of Mental Ability 238 // 10.2 The Structure of Mental Ability: One Dimension or Many? 241 // 10.3 Developmental Change and Stability in Mental Ability 249 // 10.4 Biological Correlates of Mental Ability 252 // 10.5 Genetic and Environmental Influences on Mental Ability 257 // 10.6 Evolutionary Function of Mental Ability 265 // 10.7 Mental Ability and Life Outcomes 267 // 10.8 Not All g-Loaded Tasks Are the Same 276 // 10.9 Alternative Ideas About Mental Ability 282 // 10.10 Summary and Conclusions 289 // 11. Vocational Interests 293 // 11.1 How Vocational Interests Are Measured 294 // 11.2 Score Reports From Vocational Interest Surveys 295 // 11.3 Constructing Vocational Interest Scales: Empirical and Rational Strategies 300 // 11.4 Major Dimensions of Vocational Interests 301 // 11.5 Vocational Interests and Personality 303 // 11.6 Vocational Interests and Mental Abilities 304 // 11.7 Validity of Vocational Interest Surveys 305 // 11.8 Origins of Vocational Interests: Developmental Change and Stability, Genetic and Environmental Influences, Biological Bases, and Evolution 307 // 11.9 Summary and Conclusions 310 // 12. Religion and Politics 313 // 12.1 Religion 313 // 12.2 Politics 322 // 12.3 Origins of Religious Beliefs and Political Attitudes: Biological Bases, Genetic and Environmental Influences, and Evolutionary Function 332 // 12.4 Summary and Conclusions 337 // 13. Sexuality 339 // 13.1 Major Dimensions of Sexuality 339 // 13.2 Sexuality and Personality 342 // 13.3 Origins of Variation in Sexuality: Developmental Stability and Change, Genetic and Environmental Influences, Biological Bases, and Evolution 346 // 13.4 Sexual Arousal 347 //

13.5 Sexual Commitment (or Restricted Versus Unrestricted Sociosexuality) 349 // 13.6 Sexual Orientation 353 // 13.7 Summary and Conclusions 358 // Conclusions 361 // What We Have Learned So Far 361 // What We Have Yet to Learn 364 // Final Remarks 366 // References 367 // Index 391

(OCoLC)1311598392