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Princeton ; Oxford : Princeton University Press, [2021]

xxiii, 418 stran ; 23 cm

ISBN 978-0-691-17540-9 (vázáno)

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Preface xv // 1 Ancient Greece and Rome i // TheFacts i // The Birth of Biology i // Overview of Ancient Greek and Roman // Biological Sciences a // Hippocratic Medicine 3 // Aristotle 4 // Galens Physiology 8 // Pliny the Elder’s Natural History 9 // TheAtomists io // Historical Overview ii // The Role of Experimentation in Greek // Science and Particularly in Life Sciences 11 // Anaximander and the Atomists: The Futile // Search for Pioneers 13 // Contemporary Relevance 17 // Mechanistic and Molecular Explanations 17 // The Role of Analogy 18 // The Beginnings of the Chain of Being 19 // Plinys Legacy 20 // Ever-Present Finalism 20 // 2 The Middle Ages and Arab-Muslim Science 22 // TheFacts 23 // The Arab-Muslim World 23 // The Middle Ages in the West 26 // Historical Overview 28 // Contemporary Relevance 31 // Scientific Progress Is Not a Given 31 // Less Obvious Contributions to the // Development of Science 32 // 3 The Renaissance (Sixteenth Century) 33 // The Facts 34 // Progress in Anatomy and Depictions of the // Human Body 34 // Books on Natural History 38 // Alchemy in Medicine: From Paracelsus to // VanHelmont 41 // Historical Overview 45 // AFascination with Dissections 45 // The Role of Alchemy 46 // Changes in the Social Structure of Science 47 // Contemporary Relevance 48 // Finding the Right Distance from the Past 48 // New Techniques Bring New Sources of Error 50 // Aging as a Form of Poisoning 50 // 4 The Age of Classicism (Seventeenth Century) 52 // The Facts 52 // The Discovery of Circulation 52 // The Development of Quantitative // Experiments 57 // The Invention ofthe Microscope and Its Consequences 63 // Historical Overview 67 // The Not-So-Obvious Case of Circulation 67 // The Mechanistic Model ofLife and Its // Limitations 67 // The Incomprehensible Theory of // Preformationism 69 // Invisible and Indirect Changes 70 //

Contemporary Relevance 72 // The Machines in Front of Us 72 // Vestiges of Preformation Theory 72 // Accepting the Plurality of Approaches // in Biology 73 // Translational Medicine Is Not New 73 // 5 The Enlightenment (Eighteenth Century) 75 // TheFacts 75 // Vitalism 75 // Classification: Linnaeus versus Buffon 78 // Reproductive Physiology 86 // The Role of Breathing Becomes Clear 94 // Historical Overview 97 // Variations on Vitalism 97 // Classification versus Evolution 99 // Classifying Humans 99 // Priestley and Lavoisier: Only the First Step 100 // Contemporary Relevance 101 // A Natural Classification? 101 // Comparing Plants and Animals 102 // Maupertuis, the Father of Self-Organization? 103 // 6 The Nineteenth Century (Part I): Embryology, // Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Physiology 105 // The Facts 106 // Embryology Becomes an Established // Discipline 106 // The Emergence of Cell Theory 109 // The Rise of Germ Theory 120 // Physiology’s Golden Age 131 // Historical Overview 143 // The Roots of Cell Theory 143 // Scholars Trapped by Their Own Philosophical Ideas? 145 // The Tension between Chemical Explanations and Structural Models 150 // Was Embryology Holding Out for Evolution? 151 // 1859: A Remarkable Year 151 // Contemporary Relevance 152 // The Disappearance of Traditional Disciplines in Biology 153 // The Endogenous or Exogenous Origins of Diseases 153 // The Debate on Cerebral Localization 155 // 7 The Nineteenth Century (Part II): The Theory of Evolution, the Theory of Heredity, and Ecology 157 // The Facts 157 // Lamarck: An Early Version of the Theory of Evolution 157 // The Contribution of Georges Cuvier 163 // The Second Wave of Transformism: Darwin 169 // The Theory of Heredity 177 // The Reception of Darwins Theory and the Eclipse of Darwinism 188 // From Biogeography to Ecology 199 // Historical Overview 203 //

A Moving History 203 // The Birth of a Science of Heredity 204 // Biology: A Comparative Science, according to // Auguste Comte 205 // Darwinism and Ecology: A Complex Relationship 206 // Biogeography 208 // The Epistemological Originality ofthe // Darwinian Model ofNatural Selection 209 // Science and Religion 210 // Darwin and the Human Being 212 // Contemporary Relevance 214 // Epigenetics and the Return of Lamarckism 214 // Compensation and Life Histories 216 // The End of Orthogenesis? 217 // Did Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Win the Argument with Cuvier? 218 // The Mathematical Laws of Morphogenesis: The First Steps of Phyllotaxy 220 // Another Mendel? 221 // 8 The Twentieth Century (Part I): The Diversity of Functional Biology and the Birth of Molecular Biology 223 // The Facts 223 // Biochemistry 224 // Endocrinology and Neurophysiology 231 // Immunology; Microbiology; Virology; and // Chemotherapy 240 // Developmental Biology and Cellular Biology 250 // The Rediscovery of Mendels Laws, and the // Rise of Genetics 256 // The Rise of Molecular Biology 264 // Historical Overview 281 // The Complex Dance of Disciplines 281 // The Identity of Objects Studied and the Tools for Studying Them 284 // Multiple Explanations-Contentious Explanations? 286 // Embryonic Induction, Hormones, and Genes: Another Model for the Action of Genes 288 // Contemporary Relevance 289 // The Recurrent Enigma of Phenomena of Regeneration 289 // From Data Science to Networks 291 // Metchnikoff, the Inventor of Exaptation? 292 // The Explanation of Diseases: A Plus or a Minus? 293 // What Are the Colloids of Today? 294 // Tire End ofthe Dominant Position of Genetics 294 // The Asilomar Conference: A Model? 296 // 9 The Twentieth Century (Part II): The Theory of Evolution, Ecology, Ethology 297 // The Facts 297 // Genetics and the Theory ofEvolution (1900-1920) 297 //

The Rise of Population Genetics (1918-1932) 299 // Modern Evolutionary Synthesis (1937-1950) 303 // Ecology 307 // Ethology 313 // Historical Overview 319 // The Influence of Marxism 319 // The Rise of Holism and Emergentism 321 // The Energetics View of Life 322 // The Question of Life 324 // The Process of "Synthesis" in Science 325 // Contemporary Relevance 326 // From Energy to Information 326 // From the Biosphere to Global Warming 326 // The Responsibility of Biologists 3?7 // 10 Twentieth-Twenty-First Centuries: After the Syntheses 3?9 // The Facts 3?9 // The Rise of Structural Biology 331 // The Encounter between Molecular Biology and the Modern Synthesis 341 // Genome Sequencing 352 // The New Frontier: The Neurosciences 353 // A New View of the Living World 358 // Historical Overview 364 // The Dogma and Its Overturning: The Example ofPrions 364 // Molecular Noise 365 // Does Systems Biology Have a Place? 366 // Beyond Specificity? 368 // Time and Life 370 // Mastering the Evolutionary Future 371 // The Mystery of Life 372 // The Ever-Ambiguous Place ofthe Human Being 373 // Contemporary Relevance 373 // In Conclusion 37b // References 383 // Index of Names 403 // Thematic Index 413